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Use of Words or Numerals In general, write as words all whole numbers from one to nine and use numerals for all numbers 10 and over. Never begin a sentence with a numeral, but rather write the number out as a word. Dates Be consistent in writing dates: use either 24 July 1994 or July 24, 1994, but not both. Spell out centuries in lowercase letters (the twentieth century) and hyphenate them when used as adjectives modifying a noun (twentieth-century modernism). Decades are usually written out without capitalization, but it is becoming acceptable to express them in figures (the 1980s or the `80s). Whichever form you use, be consistent. Titles NOTE: Underlining is used to indicate italics. Therefore, if your word processor offers the option to italicize, you may do so. Whatever you choose, be consistent throughout your paper. (Throughout the rest of this document italicization will be used in place of underlining.) Italicize or underline titles of works of art, other than architecture: Michelangelo's David, van Gogh's Sunflowers, but the Empire State Building, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Palazzo Vecchio. Italicize or underline titles of books other than holy works: Art and Illusion, The Odyssey, Genesis, the Bible, the Koran. Titles to be italicized or underlined include books, plays, long poems, pamphlets, periodicals, films, radio and television programs, record albums, ballets, operas, instrumental music, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. Examples:
Use quotation marks for the titles of works published within larger works (the article "Crime Rate Declines" appeared in the San Francisco Chronicle). Such titles include the names of articles, essays, short stories, short poems, chapters of books, and individual episodes of radio and television programs. Also use quotation marks for songs and for unpublished works, such as lectures and speeches. Quotations While quotations are common and often effective in research papers, use them selectively. Quote only words, phrases, lines, and passages that are particularly interesting, vivid, unusual, or apt, and keep all quotations as brief as possible. Whether you quote directly or paraphrase in your own words, be sure to credit your sources. See section on Documenting Sources. In general, a quotation, whether a word, phrase, sentence or more, should correspond exactly to its source in spelling, capitalization, and interior punctuation. If you change it in any way, make the alteration clear to the reader, following the rules and recommendations explained below. If a prose quotation runs no more than four typed lines and requires no special emphasis, put it in quotation marks and incorporate it in the text: Jackson Pollock said, "When I am in my painting, I'm not aware of what I'm doing. It is only after a sort of 'get acquainted' period that I see what I have been about." Remember, though, that you need not always quote full sentences. Sometimes you may want to quote just a word or phrase as part of your sentence. Use brackets [ ] to enclose paraphrased material or pronouns or words you have supplied: As Pollock's action painting demonstrates, seeing "what I have been about" occurs in the process itself. If a quotation runs to more than four typed lines, set if off from your text by beginning a new line, indenting the entire quotation five spaces from the left margin, and typing it single-spaced (unless otherwise instructed) without adding quotation marks:
When I am in my painting, I'm not aware of what I'm doing. It is only after a sort of "get acquainted" period that I see what I have been about. I have no fears about making changes, destroying the image, etc., because the painting has a life of its own. I try to let it come through. It is only when I lose contact with the painting that the result is a mess. Otherwise there is pure harmony, an easy give and take, and |