Course Descriptions

This site lists every course offered in Political Science and International Relations, along with a copy of the most recent syllabus for the course. For courses that have not been offered recently, these syllabi will be out-of-date. Each course description indicates how frequently the course is typically taught. We post this information to assist students planning their schedules. With the exception of a handful of courses—including PSC 202, PSC 404, PSC 405, PSC 407, PSC 408, and PSC 505, all of which are definitely taught every year—this information should be treated as a general rule, rather than as an absolute guarantee.

• PSC/IR 101 Introduction to Comparative Politics

  Typically offered every year
  This course is an introduction to the study of political science and comparative politics. It focuses on how citizens may be able to control public policies in different modern democracies. The course begins by applying some of these ideas briefly to the American political system. It then turns explicitly to the politics of contemporary Britain, Russia and Germany, examining the political culture, the basic institutional arrangements, the party system, the voters' choices, and the policymaking system in each country. These systems will be compared to each other, to the United States and, occasionally, to other democracies. This course is recommended for those thinking about a major, minor, or cluster in political science, or international relations, and others who are simply interested in learning more about the politics of democracies.

• PSC 103 Great Debates in American Democracy

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  The 2004 election is one of the most intense and divisive elections in the nation\'s history. Whether George W. Bush or John Kerry is inaugurated in January, we will long remember this election season. Is America truly divided? How real and deep are the differences between the \"red states\" (which regularly vote Republican in presidential elections) and the \"blue states\" (the Democratic strongholds)? This course examines some of the great debates and crises that have shaped the American political system since its founding. These crises include revolution and civil war, progressive reform and conservative reaction, battles for civil and human rights, and scandals in Washington. We will analyze episodes of great national division, and we will examine the current state of American politics. Thinking historically, we will learn about the basic institutions of American government--the Constitution, Congress, the presidency, courts, bureaucracy, political parties, interest groups, state and local government, protest groups, the media--and consider how and why political institutions have changed during these moments of crisis. This course is designed for freshmen considering a major or cluster in Political Science or History, but it is also appropriate for sophomores, juniors, and seniors who want a basic foundation in American political history and government and who are interested in the past and current state of this nation\'s politics.

• PSC 104 Introduction to Political Philosophy

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course is most aptly called Thinking About Politics. It aims to examine a range of contemporary issues and to explore the political and philosophical conflicts and controversies that those issues raise. So, for example, we might examine the concepts of patriotism and explore the tensions that arise between it and such other concepts as democracy or freedom or dissent or security. Readings will be drawn both from contemporary sources and classic political thought.

• PSC 105 Introduction to American Politics

  Typically offered every year
  This course will introduce students to the foundations of American government. Students will examine important political institutions and the linkage mechanisms that connect institutions, political actors, and ordinary American citizens. This course is appropriate for majors and non-majors with an interest in understanding how and why the American political system works as it does. Students will be graded on two midterms, a final exam, and short writing assignments.

• PSC/IR 106 Introduction to International Relations

  Typically offered every year
  This course provides students with the background and conceptual tools they need to understand contemporary international relations. The course will introduce students to the wide range of issues that make up the study of international relations, including the workings of the state system, the causes of international conflict and violence, and international economic relations. Students will be introduced to the literature in a broad way, to make them familiar with the main theoretical traditions in the field. Students will be asked, as much as possible, to read original texts, rather than a textbook. Time permitting, we will also examine topics of particular current interest, such as the evolving nature of power in the post-Cold War environment as well as special global challenges like nation-building and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

• PSC 107 Introduction to Positive Political Theory

  Typically offered every year
  This course introduces students to positive political theory, a rigorous set of tools that helps clarify key questions in political science. Through examples drawn from all aspects of the political process (from elections to lawmaking to regulation) as well as from everyday life (where should we go for dinner?) and Hollywood (Russell Crowe and Reese Witherspoon as political scientists?), we will study how the rules of the game affect the decisions politicians make as well as the policy outcomes we observe.

• PSC/IR 108 Introduction to Political Economy

  Typically offered rarely
  How do political institutions affect economic growth? How do economic conditions affect political decisions? This course is an introduction to the history of thought and current debates in political economy. We review great texts in the history of political economy (by Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and others), present an introduction to the modern tools used in the field, and show their applications in the context of democratic and nondemocratic politics.

• PSC 117 Introduction to American Government

  Typically offered rarely
  This course will introduce students to the foundations of American government and institutional design using the tools of rational choice theory. Students will examine important political institutions and the linkage mechanisms that connect institutions, political actors, and American citizens. This course is appropriate for majors and non-majors with an interest in understanding how and why the American political system works as it does and avenues for possible reform. Students will be graded on two midterms, a final exam, and short writing assignments.

• PSC 121 Democracy in America

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  Democracy literally means "rule by the people." This seminar in political theory will explore various questions that this basic definition raises in the context of 20th-century American politics. What can we expect of "the people"? How, indeed, do we even envision "the people"? What is the role of communication, especially modern media, in creating and sustaining "the people"? How might we think about the ways in which power and communication intersect in modern democracies? In many respects this course is experimental. It aims to draw connections between texts and theorists that have not been made before. So we will be exploring new terrain. Students will learn what it means to think like a political theorist. Enrollment is restricted to freshmen - no exceptions. Grades will be based on class participation - given that this is a small seminar, be prepared to talk! - and several short papers (meaning about five pages each) on assigned topics that emerge from the readings and class discussion.

• PSC 123 Technology and US Democracy

  Typically offered rarely
  This course surveys how recent advances in information technology have permanently changed the political landscape and the nature of politics. Topics covered may include television and the permanent campaign, C-SPAN and the Republican Revolution, cable television and political knowledge, and the Internet, campaigning, and fundraising. Special emphasis will be placed on political change in the American context, but other countries may be considered.

• PSC 124 Race and Politics in American History

  Typically offered rarely
  This course examines how race has shaped and influenced the development of American political institutions. In what ways has race shaped our notions of citizenship and our legal system? How have various presidential actors responded to racial conflict in American society? How have political parties responded to racial conflict? And how has race affected the development and implementation of social policy?

• PSC 140 The Life of the Law

  Typically offered rarely
  How does law matter in social conflict? This course examines the development of law during key moments of social change, from abolition and slavery to contemporary identity politics. Topics include criminal rights, civil liberties, legal theory, and the workings of legal institutions.

• PSC 151 Political Economy of Developing Countries

  Typically offered rarely
  (May 20 - June 17)
  Why do some countries stay poor, while other countries' economies grow so rapidly? To address this fundamental question, we will cover both political and economic elements of development and underdevelopment. Students will first learn some basic analytical tools to be a critical reader on this topic, including basic growth theories and some data analysis tools. All analytical tools required to complete the course will be taught in class and there is no requirement to take the course besides high school level algebra and statistics.

• PSC 161 Introduction to International Politics

  Typically offered rarely
  This course is an introduction to the central theories and issues in international relations. It explores important debates in international relations, both historical and contemporary, in order to provide students with the concepts and background knowledge necessary to critically analyze affairs in international politics. A broad range of topics will be considered, including the causes of international conflict, balance of power in international security, the democratic peace theory, and the role of domestic politics in foreign policymaking. Also discussed will be the economic dimension of international relations, including free trade, the effects of globalization, the economics of climate change, and the function of institutions such as the WTO and the IMF.

• PSC 162 Business and Foreign Policy

  Typically offered summer 2011
  This course examines theories of business-government interactions in the making of a nation's foreign policy. The central questions we will address are: When and how do businesses influence foreign policy? Should the goals of business be given priority in foreign policy over non-economic goals such as democracy-building or human rights protection given the greater interconnectedness of contemporary world economies? We will then apply the competing theoretical perspectives on these questions to current foreign policy debates on technology transfer, outsourcing of jobs, global climate change etc. Although the empirical focus of the course will be on the foreign policy of the US, we will also draw on comparative case studies of emerging powers such as India and China. The course has no prerequisites.

• PSC 163 Peacekeeping and Mediation

  Typically offered rarely
  This course examines the questions of whether and how interstate and civil conflicts can be resolved without going to war. It focuses primarily on the role of third parties in conflict prevention, as peacekeepers, nation-builders, and mediators. We will look at these topics from a theoretical, as well as from an applied, perspective, paying close attention to current events and recent episodes in international politics. Particular topics to be covered may include, but will not be limited to, U.S. involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan, NATO peacekeeping operations in the Balkans, and the ongoing conflict in the Middle East. Throughout the course, we will seek to apply the theoretical insights of modern political scientists to the various conflicts, and to evaluate these theories in a real world context, with the goal of determining what political scientists and policymakers can learn from one another.

• PSC 164 Politics of Authoritarian Regimes

  Typically offered rarely
  Until the late 1990s most independent countries in the world were autocracies and even today -- in the age of democratization and democracy -- over 40 percent of all countries remain autocratic. Despite the historical dominance of this regime type, however, the vast majority of teaching and research in political science focuses on democratic politics. This course does not. It examines the various aspects of the politics in authoritarian regimes: their emergence and breakdown, the policy choices and institutions they adopt, leadership change, and the theories that explain these outcomes. Besides discussing recent work, we will use historical case studies and real-world statistical data in order to examine current cases.

• PSC 165 Introduction to Terrorism

  Typically offered rarely
  What is terrorism? Who becomes terrorists? Is terrorism a new phenomenon? What is the connection between religion and terrorism? How do we fight terrorism, and what would it mean to win the \"war on terror\"? This class will examine terrorist groups, methods and counterterrorism, past and present. Students will each pick a terrorist group to research over the course and present to the rest of the class.

• PSC 167 Politics of the Middle East

  Typically offered
  This course surveys the politics of the modern Middle East. Countries covered include Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and the Palestinian Authority, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. Other countries will be covered, though in considerably less depth. The course will begin with a brief survey of the political history of the region and proceed to analyze the contemporary period. Topics include the role of colonization and de-colonization, the rise of Socialist movements, religious conflict, ethnic conflict, U.S. foreign policy towards the region, and, to a lesser extent, political economy. Students who have taken and received credit for PSC 248 (Politics of the Middle East) cannot also receive credit for this course.

• PSC 168 Politics of South Asia

  Typically offered rarely
  The dramatic terrorist siege of the city of Mumbai in western India on September 2008 has renewed international attention on political processes in South Asia, a region which is home to nearly a fifth of the world�s population. This course will examine the major debates in the rich interdisciplinary field of South Asian politics. The central questions we will address are: Why has India been relatively stable and democratic while governments in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka have struggled to maintain political stability and democracy though they have similar colonial legacies? What explains the wide variation in ethnic rioting in India across states and over time? What are the implications of India and Pakistan acquiring nuclear weapons for regional and international security? Why has democracy and the recent spurt in economic growth in India failed to diminish income inequality?

• PSC 169 Politics of New Europe

  Typically offered summer 2012
  (May 21 - June 18)
  This course will focus on countries that joined the European Union in 2004 and 2007 (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, the Baltic States, Bulgaria and Romania). We will begin with a brief survey of the political history of the region and the establishment and sustenance of Communist rule in the Eastern Bloc, and proceed to analyze events that led to the transformation. The course will focus on the political and economic transformation in the region and the path to membership in the EU. We will compare new EU members with the countries of Western Europe. We will conclude with a survey of the current situation in the countries of the “New Europe” and their relations with “Old Europe” and other countries.

• PSC 182 Politics and Film

  Typically offered rarely
  This course explores how common themes of politics are portrayed on the big screen, as well as the influence of the movie-making business on politics. The first half of the course focuses on influential and/or controversial films that touch on major political science topics, such as war, elections, congressional politics and game theory. The second half of the course considers Hollywood\'s effect on American politics; topics include the perceived liberal bias in Hollywood films, movie star endorsements in political races, social activism in films, and actors as political candidates.

• PSC 194 Rochester Politics and Places

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  Home to Frederick Douglass, Susan B. Anthony, and George Eastman, upstate New York has been the seedbed for many of the most important events in American history. In this seminar, students will discover the rich history of Rochester as well as learn about current debates over political organization, racial and economic segregation, suburbanization, and economic change. The course will emphasize five major themes: urbanization and religious revivalism in the 1820s and 1830s; movements for abolition and women's rights; reform initiatives during the Progressive Era; economic and racial changes in the 20th century; and city politics in the 20th and 21st centuries. As part of the course, students will visit sites in and around the city as well as meet and talk with political figures active in the city today.

• PSC 200 Applied Data Analysis

  Typically offered every year
  An introduction to the understanding of politics through data analysis. No prior computer or statistical expertise is expected. PSC 200 satisfies the Techniques of Analysis requirement for undergraduate majors and minors in political science.

• IR 200 Analyzing International Relations

  Typically offered
  International relations analysts in government, business, and academia increasingly require the ability to engage with data. This course will provide you the data literacy demanded of analysts in today's job market. In this course you will learn how to find data sources, how to handle and analyze data, and how to visualize and present data creatively. This coursework will involve hands- on projects using real-world data, such as the UN World Development Indicators, World Values Survey, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, and data relevant to events occurring during the teaching of the course. No prior knowledge of statistics or data analysis is required.

• PSC 201 Political Inquiry

  Typically offered every year
  This course introduces students to data analysis in political science. We begin by learning how to describe political data, and then move on to making inferences about political phenomena. Along the way, we address the "science" in political science and the development of hypotheses about political behavior. We will read published research from political science journals that use the techniques we discuss in class. No mathematical knowledge beyond high school algebra is assumed. PSC 201 satisfies the Techniques of Analysis requirement for undergraduate majors and minors in Political Science.

• IR 201 Comparative Legislatures and Executives

  Typically offered
  This course examines how political institutions affect public policy outcomes. It answers such questions as why incumbents choose one policy over another, whose preferences matter for policy outcomes, and how institutions interact to structure the incentives and capabilities of policymakers. As a way of introduction, we begin with the topics of preference formation and collective action, which are extremely important for understanding a series of organizational issues. Then we concentrate our attention on the analysis of institutions: constitutional structure, the bureaucracy, electoral rules, and the party system.

• PSC 202 Argument in Political Science

  Typically offered every year
  Students generally take PSC 202 in their sophomore year, but the course is also open to juniors and seniors. The course introduces students to the questions, concepts, and analytical approaches of political scientists. This version of the course focuses on the tension between majority rule and minority rights in the American political tradition. Issues include tyranny of the majority, slavery, individual rights, civic engagement, parties and interest groups, international diplomacy, legislative organization, and representation. Readings are drawn from classic texts in American thought--the Declaration of Independence, "The Federalist," Tocqueville's "Democracy in America," the Gettysburg Address--as well as from books and articles written by contemporary political scientists.

• IR 202 India, Pakistan, and the Politics of South Asia

  Typically offered rarely
  South Asia, an area approximately covering the countries of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Burma, Bangladesh, and Nepal, is home to nearly a fifth of the world's population. This course is an introduction to the rich social science literature on government and politics in the region. The central questions we will address are: Why has India been relatively stable and democratic while governments in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Burma, Bangladesh, and Nepal have struggled to maintain political stability and democracy though they have similar colonial legacies? What are the implications of India and Pakistan being nuclear powers for regional and international security? Why has democracy and the recent spurt in economic growth in India failed to diminish income inequality?

• PSC 203 Survey Research Methods

  Typically offered every year
  This course offers an introduction to the understanding of politics through data analysis, with particular emphasis on surveys of the mass public. We will study selecting a sample, designing and conducting a survey, interpreting the results of a survey, correcting for bias in a survey, and measuring the accuracy of a survey. This semester, we will pay special attention to the accuracy of public opinion polling preceding the 2008 primary and Presidential elections. PSC 203 satisfies the Techniques of Analysis requirement for undergraduate majors and minors in political science.

• PSC 204 Research Design

  Typically offered every year
  Is the mass media really biased? Does abortion lower the crime rate? Does the "No Child Left Behind" Act encourage cheating? Providing convincing answers to these hot-button political issues requires good research design. In this class, we learn the techniques behind designing research studies that allow political scientists and economists to answer exactly these kinds of questions. While PSC 200 or 201 is strongly recommended, this is not a course in data analysis or statistics. Rather, we focus on setting up problems so that data analytic techniques, when applied, provide the correct answers. We will draw examples from throughout political science as well as from Freakonomics by Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner.

• IR 204 Dictatorship and Democracy

  Typically offered rarely
  Francis Fukuyama over twenty years ago predicted that democracy was the final regime type, and that all countries would in time embrace it. In this course we examine where he was right, and where he was wrong. We first define democratic and authoritarian regime types, and the presence of both types and hybrid types across the world. We examine both democratic breakdown and democratic transitions, using cases from Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America since the Second World War. In studying democratic transitions, we also develop theories on why particular countries remain non-democratic. In the final section of the course, we examine the persistence of non-democratic regimes and the prospects for future democratic transitions, particularly in China and in the recent "Arab Spring." In each section, we will consider actor-based, structural, and institutional explanations for regime change.

• PSC 205 Introductory Statistical Methods

  Typically offered
  How do we evaluate empirically the claims politicians make? How do we determine whether theories of political behavior are supported by evidence? In this course, students are introduced to data analysis, statistical inference, and research design, with a focus on techniques that are appropriate for political science data. Topics covered will include descriptive statistics, confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, correlation, and regression analysis. Students will be expected to participate in weekly lab sessions.

• PSC 208 Undergraduate Research Seminar

  Typically offered every year
  Through reading and critiquing political science research in American politics, comparative politics, and international relations, students learn how to select a research question, formulate testable hypotheses, find and evaluate relevant literature, locate or collect data that addresses their research question, analyze the data, and write a research report. The primary task for the semester is to complete a research paper on a topic the student chooses jointly with the instructor. Students work on individual or joint projects. The course is not a prerequisite for writing a senior honors thesis, though it is good preparation for doing so. With that in mind, near the end of the semester, juniors who are interested in doing an honors project during the senior year will be assisted in their efforts to identify a faculty member with whom they can work and in formulating a plan to carry out the thesis during the ensuing year.
  
  Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Open to juniors and seniors (and outstanding sophomores). Past or concurrent enrollment in a techniques of analysis course (PSC 200, 201, 203, 205, ECO 230 231, or the equivalent).

• PSC 209 Interest Groups in America

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course is designed to introduce the issues that concern political scientists (especially) and economists about interest groups in American politics. The goal of the course is to provide a better substantive understanding of interest groups specifically and the political system more generally. Foci include the historical development of the interest group system, the formation of organizations, the relationship between associations and formal political institutions, money and politics, and policy-specific case studies. Instruction is primarily though lectures, although class participation is strongly encouraged.

• IR 210 Russian Politics

  Typically offered
  

• PSC 210 Development of the American Party System

  Typically offered rarely
  The two-party system is America\'s greatest contribution to free government. Yet, as the nation prepares for congressional elections, popular dissatisfaction with the two major parties is high. In this course, we examine the emergence of mass democracy in the United States and the origin and persistence of two-party politics. Topics include the anti-party attitudes of the nation\'s founders, the organization of the nation\'s first two political parties, the establishment of a two-party system, and the subsequent crises and voter revolutions that have remade the parties and American government. We will examine party realignments, changes in party identification and voting behavior, party reforms, and the decline of political parties in the twentieth century. Course requirement for most students: occasional short papers (1-2 pages) on the reading, midterm, and choice of final exam or final paper. Course requirements for upper-level writing students: several short papers (2-3 pages) on the reading and final paper.

• PSC 211 Public Opinion and Voting

  Typically offered every year
  Through lecture, readings, and discussion, we will consider major questions involving public opinion and voting. How much do citizens know about government and politics? Does participation make a difference? Do elected officials do what the public wants? We will pay special attention to generational matters. Today's young people (that's you) are said to be uninterested and uninvolved in politics, yet voluntary community service has never been higher. How do we reconcile these facts, and what do we make of it? We will also cover sampling techniques and the interpretation of poll results: when you hear that 70% of the respondents to a national survey support gun control, can you believe it? What else do you need to know in order to interpret results?

• IR 211 Political Economy of Africa

  Typically offered rarely
  Political and economic developments in Africa since the end of the Cold War have both vindicated and belied Robert Kaplan's famous prediction of a "coming anarchy" in the region. Drawing on the rich social science literature on the political economy of contemporary Africa, the course will address a set of critical questions that will have important implications for the well being of the people of the continent and the world in the twenty-first century. The central questions we will address are: Why is most of Africa poor? Why do states fail so often in Africa? Why is there wide variation in the responsiveness of African countries to AIDS prevention? Why has Botswana, a small country in Southern Africa, been able to sustain economic growth and democratic politics since its independence? Can international aid resurrect growth and democracy on a wide scale in Africa?

• PSC 212 Supreme Court in U.S. History

  Typically offered every year
  This seminar will study leading constitutional law cases decided by the United States Supreme Court and their impact on the evolution of the Court, the balance of powers among our three governmental branches, relations between the federal government and the states, and individual express and implied rights. The seminar is intended to introduce students to legal reasoning and will make use of casebook and teaching methods typical of law schools.

• IR 212 Democratization in Non-Western Societies

  Typically offered rarely
  This course offers a survey of the leading literature in comparative politics on the topic of democratization with a focus on non-Western societies. The central questions we will address are: Why have political protests in Egypt succeeded in triggering a democratic transition, but not in Syria? Are newly created democracies more likely to be prone to civil war and more likely to initiate inter-state war than consolidated democracies? Should the United States use its military power to promote democracies or should democracies be allowed to emerge endogenously?

• PSC 213 The U.S. Congress

  Typically offered every year
  This course offers an overview of the legislative branch of the United States government. We will discuss the electoral process, the nature of representation, legislative organization, the committee system, floor procedure, congressional parties, and inter-branch relations. We will examine theories of lawmaking and the impact of institutional and electoral rules on legislative behavior and outcomes.

• IR 213 Political and Economic Development in Post-Colonial Societies

  Typically offered rarely
  This course is an introduction to the study of colonial legacies, with a focus on South Asia and Africa. Although research on colonialism spans the entire spectrum of the social sciences, our emphasis will be on the impact of colonial policies on political and economic development. Some of the central questions we will explore are: How have colonial ethnic censuses affected political stability in post-colonial societies? Are countries in which ex-colonizers have settled in large numbers more likely to be richer today than countries with insignificant settler populations? Do ex-British colonies have systematically different long-term economic and political trajectories than ex-French colonies? The course will also examine the merits and demerits of proposals that have been suggested to permanently alter these legacies in developing countries such as creating stronger states by redrawing arbitrary borders or the creation of ethnically representative armies.

• PSC 214 Political Participation

  Typically offered rarely
  This upper level seminar examines the modes, scope, and theoretical perspectives of political participation in the United States and in other societies. Topics include political participation from the perspective of social statification (race, class, and gender), psychological dynamics, organizational behavior, contextual effects, and rational choice perspectives. Further, it examines institutionalized forms of political participation as well as political protest. The course also considers how actors who live under various systems of domination engage in covert and overt forms of political action. Restriction: Open only to junior and senior political science majors.

• IR 214 Political Violence in Comparative Perspective

  Typically offered rarely
  This course will examine the subject of political violence from a comparative perspective. We will begin by exploring the distinctions between different types of political violence such as civil wars, ethnic rebellions, communal riots, and military coups. We will then examine the various factors that have been linked by comparativists to the origins of political violence including modernization, poverty, natural resource-dependence, ethnic diversity, and political competition. The second half of the course will focus on the consequences of political violence, in particular, its effect on economic growth and democratic development.

• PSC 215 American Elections

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This semester, special attention will be paid to the 2004 presidential and 2006 congressional elections. Campaign finance reform is also a timely topic. We will examine the role of money in elections and strategies for regulating its use. Other issues of current concern will include party polarization in Congress, the decrease in the number of elected moderates, congressional redistricting, and term limits for state legislatures.

• IR 215 Corruption and Good Governance

  Typically offered
  When and why do elected officials sell their votes to special interests, neglect their constituents, and enact policies that benefit a handful of politically connected actors? Why do in some countries regularly held elections fail to promote incumbent accountability? When is it acceptable for multinational corporations to bribe officials in foreign countries to get access to resources and local markets? How can institutions be designed to curb corruption and to increase politicians? Accountability to voters? This course examines the factors that promote good governance. We begin by classifying and measuring corruption using data from Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe, South Asia, and the Middle East. Then we turn to country-specific case studies and examine how such factors as an electoral system, a political culture, the level of economic development, and natural resource endowment affect politicians. Behavior in office. Building on these case studies, we develop a general framework to understand conditions under which popular elections, political parties, a civil society, and other democratic institutions can guard effectively against corruption.

• PSC 216 Legislative Politics

  Typically offered every year
  This seminar will examine Congress in its dual roles as both a national lawmaking institution and as the nexus of public representation in the policymaking process. We will survey some of the major theories and concepts used to understand and explain the operation of Congress and the behavior of its members. Students will gain a basic understanding of Congress through an examination of the role Congress plays in policymaking and representation, the formal rules that govern its operation, and the interaction that takes place between Congress and other political actors. This course is writing intensive and is most appropriate for juniors and seniors. Students will be graded on class participation, short writing assignments, and a research paper.

• IR 216 Political Economy of Post-Communism

  Typically offered rarely
  

• PSC 217 Politics and the Mass Media

  Typically offered rarely
  This course analyzes how public opinion is formed through the media. It also examines the interaction of public opinion, mass media, and political leadership. Lecturing will take up the first segment of class, followed by discussion. In several of the sessions an entire campaign will be analyzed, with commercials produced for the candidates shown, followed by discussion and comment. Students will be asked to watch TV, read popular press, etc., for the class discussion.

• IR 217 States and Markets

  Typically offered rarely
  

• PSC 218 Emergence of the Modern Congress

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  Through intensive reading and discussion, we will analyze major issues in congressional history and legislative institutions. We will examine the basic institutions of the House and Senate--committees, parties, leaders, and rules. We will also examine the development of careerism, the seniority system, agenda-setting, electoral concerns, the relationship between Congress and the president, divided government, and efforts at institutional reform. The course is designed to introduce students to the principal approaches used by political scientists to study Congress, with special emphasis on the development of congressional institutions over time. This is an advanced seminar, primarily for graduate students but open also to juniors and seniors with substantial background in political science, economics, and history.

• IR 218 Federalism in Comparative Perspective

  Typically offered rarely
  

• IR 219 Democracy in Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico

  Typically offered rarely
  

• IR 220 Non-State Actors in World Politics

  Typically offered
  

• PSC 220 Social Movements in the United States

  Typically offered rarely
  This course explores the emergence of social movements in the United States. Although the course considers a variety of social movements that evolved in the twentieth century, it will concentrate on the mechanics of social movements rather than the histories of movements\' leaders and organizations. The thrust of the course is the application of theoretical concepts to particular cases. The central questions to be asked are: (1) why do movements emerge and why do they decline? (2) what kinds of resources are mobilized on behalf of movements? (3) how do marginal groups construct world views to challenge their oppression? and (4) how does the political system respond to movements when they challenge formal structures of power? The first quarter of the course covers theoretical concepts that will be raised throughout the course. The other sections of the course will illuminate these perspectives by surveying the labor movement, the civil rights movement, the women\'s movement, and other movements for social change.

• IR 220 Elections, Parties and Coalitions in Comparative Perspective

  Typically offered
  This course will focus on party competition and government formation in parliamentary democracies in Western and Central Europe. It will aim to explain voters' choices, party strategies, and origins of governments. It will take a look at elections from the perspective of both parties and voters, and analyze both the pre-election and post-election stages of party competition. The course will explore theories of voting, party systems, and party competition. It will also study pre-election alliances that are formed by parties in order to improve their electoral results as well as their chances to control the government after election. The course will conclude with the analysis of theories of government formation. Throughout the course, the analyzed theories will be used to explain cases of elections and government formation from Central and Western Europe.

• IR 221 International Politics of Development

  Typically offered
  

• PSC 221 Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  In this course, we will examine the philosophical foundations of the American Revolution by examining the political theory which lies behind the revolution itself and which underlies the foundations of the Constitution, while keeping an eye at the historical contexts that shaped the philosophy. We will begin by looking at the important predecessors to the revolution, particularly the works of John Locke, Montesquieu, and David Hume. We will then consider important works from the period surrounding the revolution, including works by Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson. Finally, we will look at the debates surrounding the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, including the Federalist Papers and important anti-Federalist works.

• PSC 222 The Presidency

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course introduces the major topics and theoretical perspectives in the study of the U.S. presidency. Topics include: rationales for and effects of separation of powers; the presidency in comparative perspective; the nature and origin of the president's influence on policy; the president's role in lawmaking and the veto; presidential management of the executive branch; war powers and the president's role in national security.

• IR 222 Preventive Wars

  Typically offered
  

• IR 222 Politics of New Europe

  Typically offered
  This course will focus on countries that joined the European Union in 2004 and 2007 (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, the Baltic States, Bulgaria and Romania). We will begin with a brief survey of the political history of the region and the establishment and sustenance of Communist rule in the Eastern Bloc, and proceed to analyze events that led to the transformation. The course will focus on the political and economic transformation in the region and the path to membership in the European Union. We will compare new EU members with the countries of Western Europe. We will conclude with a survey of the current situation in the countries of "New Europe" and their relations with "Old Europe" and other countries.
  
  (This course is identical to PSC 169, offered in Summer 2012. Students may not take IR 222 for credit if they have previously received credit for PSC 169.)

• PSC 223 Constitutional Structure and Rights

  Typically offered every year
  In this course, through the lens of the Constitution and Supreme Court cases, we examine the essential structure of the American legal system (both separation of powers at the federal level and the authority of, and relationship among, states and the federal government), as well as the essential nature of civil rights of citizens vis-a-vis the political order. Topics covered include the nature of the Supreme Court's authority; separation of powers; federal limits on state powers; and individual rights, including economic rights, certain of the rights embraced by the First, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments, and equal protection rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. The ability to read and discuss (as well as place in perspective and disagree with) Supreme Court opinions is an essential part of the course.

• IR 223 Cycles of War and Peace

  Typically offered rarely
  The first half of the course examines explanations of crisis initiation, the escalation of violence, and causes of protracted conflict. The second half surveys theories of conflict resolution and explanations of the successes and failures of peace-making and peace-keeping efforts. Students will work in groups to apply theories and concepts to a conflict of their choice. Additional examples will be drawn to study how war and peace evolve in cases that vary in the intensity of the conflict (causes of genocide, e.g., Rwanda), the length of the conflict (enduring rivalries, e.g., the Israeli-Palestinian conflict), and the value of the conflict (territorial and resource wars, e.g., the dispute over Kashmir, and the Congo).

• PSC 224 African-American Politics

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course will examine the relationship between African Americans and the American political system in order to provide students with a broader perspective on the American political process. We will address issues of organizational resources and approaches, political leadership, representation, integrationist and separatist ideologies, and various strategies for African-American political empowerment.

• IR 224 Domestic Politics and International Relations

  Typically offered
  

• IR 225 International Negotiations

  Typically offered
  

• PSC 225 Race and Political Representation

  Typically offered every year
  Despite gains made by racial and ethnic minorities in the areas of civil and voting rights, race remains a major source of cleavage in American politics. This upper-level course introduces students to the concepts, theories, and methodological approaches that political scientists use to examine the intersection of racial politics and political representation in the American political context. We will examine democratic theory, the Voting Rights Act, public opinion and electoral behavior, elected officials and public policies, and the effect of electoral rules and districting decisions on minority representation in Congress. This course has considerable reading, writing, and discussion requirements and may best suit experienced juniors and seniors.

• IR 226 America's 21st Century Wars

  Typically offered rarely
  The Middle-East (Al Qaeda, Iraq, Lebanon, Israel-Palestine) and Southwest Asia (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan) have been the source of twenty-first century America's most difficult political, military, and security problems. This course will investigate the causes, nature, and conduct of these conflicts and wars, intensively studying who fights, why they fight, and how they fight. In doing so it will address important theoretical and practical questions about the nature of warfare, terrorism and intelligence in the twentieth-first century warfare. More broadly, it will address questions of the relationship between violence, culture, and politics in the globalized era, and the relationships between politics, development, diplomacy, and the use of force in modern politics.

• PSC 226 Black Political Leadership

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  Is President Barack Obama a black leader or a leader who happens to be black? This course will help students understand where the nation\'s first African-American president fits in a long stream of black political thinkers, activists, and leaders. Black elected officials, such as Barack Obama, are among the most recent leaders in the historic black struggle for civil rights and political and economic equality in the United States. Other sources of black leadership include preachers, scholars, and community organizers. In this course, we will systematically examine the strategies, agendas, and styles of black leadership from the 19th century to the present. We will attempt to answer the following questions: What is black leadership? Who are black leaders? And, how are leaders held accountable and to whom? We will consider black leaders from Booker T. Washington to W.E.B. DuBois, Martin L. King, Jr., to Malcolm X, Septima Clark to Ella Baker, and Jesse Jackson to Barack Obama.

• PSC 227 The Black Arts Movement

  Typically offered rarely
  Students in this course will encounter the black freedom struggle through the literature, music, art, and political activism of the Black Arts Movement. The artistic corollary to Black Power, the Black Arts Movement flourished in the 1960s and 1970s as artists/activists sought to put a revolutionary cultural politics into practice around the country. Though short-lived, the Black Arts Movement had far-reaching consequences for the way artists and writers think about race, history, identity, and the relationship between artistic production and liberation. We'll read the work of Amiri Baraka, Sonia Sanchez and other artists who created the traditionally-defined Black Arts Movement in Harlem and trace the movement's extension across the country through protest, local political battles, and the emergence of black studies programs. We'll explore the overlap of the Black Arts Movement with other political currents in the late 1960s and early 1970s and delve into the long-running debates over class, gender, and ideology that concerned both Black Arts circles and the larger Black Power Movement. We'll consider the ways in which the Black Arts Movement lived on in hip-hop and film, as well as the ways in which it was co-opted or distorted.

• IR 227 Peace and War

  Typically offered rarely
  This lecture examines the mechanisms by which war can be prevented in international relations. What works, what does not, and why? Theoretical notions and empirical findings will be introduced to address three main sets of issues: first, how do states negotiate or act to prevent the escalation of their disputes into war? Should they really prepare for war if they want peace? Can appeasement work? And do mediators help? Second, if negotiations fail, can long and costly wars be avoided - that is, how can war be terminated most effectively? Does peace-making work? Finally, once peace has been obtained, what mechanisms work best to maintain it? When is peace-keeping effective? And how should agreements be crafted to avoid the recurrence of war? These questions will be addressed in the context of both civil and interstate wars.

• IR 228 International Security

  Typically offered rarely
  If the post-Cold War period began with the promise of a New World Order and ended in the rubble of Falluja, today the United States faces a new era of conventional and unconventional challenges. This course examines current state and non-state challenges to U.S. interests. These include the perils of unipolarity, the rise of potential peer competitors, internal conflict and terrorism, nuclear proliferation, transnational crime, and cyberwar. Students will analyze cases as well as theoretical literatures to deepen their understanding of the contemporary security issues facing the United States.

• PSC 228 Race and Ethnic Politics

  Typically offered every year
  In this course, we will examine the key role played by race and ethnicity across various facets of American political life. We will explore the distinct political and social identities of African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and others, and how these identities translate into contrasting political beliefs and different political actions. Other topics include the interaction between race and ethnicity and employment, health policy, access to criminal justice, and educational inequalities. Readings will draw upon political science, law, economics, sociology, and public health.

• PSC 229 The Civil Rights Era and Its Legacy

  Typically offered rarely
  The civil rights movement that unfolded in the 1950s unleashed cataclysmic changes in U.S. political, social, and cultural life. In this seminar, we'll draw on an exciting range of primary sources - films, organizational records, memoirs - as well as new histories of the "long 1960s" to chart the trajectory of the civil rights movement from the late 1940s to the 1970s. We shall explore the diversity of strategies and ideologies that comprised the civil rights movement. We shall also assess the movement's profound consequences for political organizing more generally, studying the process through which other movements - antiwar, feminism, gay and lesbian liberation, neighborhood rights, ethnic nationalism, and even grassroots conservatism - laid claim to the rhetoric and tactics of the civil rights movement. Assignments include reading and rigorous class discussion, one book review, the preparation of occasional discussion questions, and a 10-15 page research paper. This seminar will meet twice weekly.

• IR 229 International Political Economy

  Typically offered rarely
  Are developing countries systematically disadvantaged in the global economy? Are international institutions effective in dealing with contemporary global economic issues. Do multinational corporations have a positive impact on the host countries they invest in, or a negative one? This class is an introduction to international political economy (IPE), which examines the interaction between economics and politics (both domestic and international) in order to gain insight into the workings of global trade, finance, and investment.

• IR 229 Terrorism

  Typically offered
  This class will examine terrorist groups, methods and counterterrorism, past and present. Topics include psychological approaches, the connection between religion and terrorism, terrorist strategies, suicide terrorism, WMDs, domestic terrorism, terrorist organization, state sponsorship, financing, counterterrorism, intelligence analysis and cyberterrorism. We will also do case studies of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Al Qaeda and 9/11, Hamas and the IRA.

• IR 230 The Tools of U.S. Foreign Policy

  Typically offered rarely
  As the United States leaves Iraq and considers how to draw down its forces in Afghanistan, a debate is developing over how to shape the military and U.S. national security strategy for an uncertain future. This course analyzes the utility of the tools of U.S. foreign policy in the context of contemporary threats. Students will consider the traditional theoretical elements of Cold War security thinking, including deterrence, compellence, and defense. Students will also analyze the efficacy of other U.S. efforts, including economic and other types of sanctions; the training and arming of foreign militaries; the strengthening of weak states; counterterrorism efforts from financial interdiction to Special Forces operations; humanitarian intervention; peacekeeping operations; and cyber and space operations.

• PSC 231 Money in Politics

  Typically offered rarely
  This seminar will examine the role of money in the U.S. political process. Topics include the historical development of campaign finance law, the electoral effects of campaign spending, the effects of campaign contributions on public policy outcomes, and various reform proposals (including the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act). The institutions responsible for the creation, enforcement, and interpretation of campaign finance law will also be analyzed. Students will be asked to think critically about concepts such as equality, liberty, and representation, which drive the questions and debates in this area.

• IR 231 Counterinsurgency in Theory and Practice

  Typically offered rarely
  The United States and its allies are fighting an insurgency in Afghanistan, fought multiple insurgencies in Iraq, and are attempting to defeat insurgencies in Yemen, the Philippines and the Horn of Africa. What do these efforts consist of? How does counterinsurgency (COIN) work? How is it supposed to work? Why do policymakers expect the defeat of insurgencies abroad to make Americans safer at home? This course considers these questions through students’ analysis of relevant theoretical literatures, the COIN literature, and associated research into internal conflict and state-building, as well as through students’ study of current and recent COIN campaigns.

• IR 232 Political Economy of Europe

  Typically offered rarely
  What are the challenges and prospects facing Europe today? The European Union is the realization of a bold vision: a large economic and political space with free movement of goods, services, capital and labor. Yet rigid markets, overregulation and reform resistance make it hard to adapt to globalization, the process of Eastern enlargement has created great divergence, and some economies in the West perform disappointingly. This course will examine the European Monetary Union, the Lisbon Strategy, and the challenges facing new entrants, with an eye toward analyzing the state of European integration. In examining Europe today, we will also consider the relation of Europe to Russia and compare the European model to the dynamic societies of China, India, and the United States. This course was previously taught as IR/PSC 254. Students who took the course under the old number are not eligible to take IR 232.

• PSC 232 Controversies in Public Policy

  Typically offered every other year
  This course will consider a number of public policies over which there is much disagreement - mandating health insurance, the future of Social Security, how (or whether) to balance the federal budget, racial discrimination in employment, global warming, public financing of family planning, and the like. The purpose of the course is to arrive at an understanding of both sides of the issues so that they can discussed intelligently.

• PSC 233 Community Development and Political Leadership

  Typically offered rarely
  We focus broadly in this seminar on economic and neighborhood development policy at national, state and local levels, and more narrowly on community development dynamics in selected American cities. The course features class discussions based on common readings; talks by community leaders; and a local community development field trip. A special aspect of the seminar is field research by student teams in Rochester\'s neighborhood sectors. Two papers that integrate data from primary (field research, public documents) and secondary sources are required. Oral presentations by students on their field research are also required.

• IR 233 Internal Conflict and International Intervention

  Typically offered rarely
  This course considers major power military intervention in the internal conflicts of other states. It explores the uses and limitations of military force for powers attempting to change the behavior of other states and non-state actors. Students will consider the factors that lead to intervention as well as to the decision to not intervene, will learn what types of intervention are possible, and will debate what success looks like in different types of cases. Case studies may include Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo, Somalia, Rwanda, and Ivory Coast.

• PSC 234 Law and Politics in the U.S.

  Typically offered every year
  How does the Supreme Court really decide cases? Are judges as activist as politicians claim? In this course, we will explore these questions by addressing how political and social forces influence American law and legal institutions, and vice versa. We will explore in depth how the legal system operates and how judges actually decide cases, using examples taken from today's headlines. We will also explore contemporary controversies surrounding the courts, including the influence of politics in judicial decision making and the possible role that race plays in criminal trials. Other topics include the structure of the legal system, the importance of judicial precedent, litigation and trial processes, and effectiveness of the law as a force for social change.

• IR 234 Comparative Authoritarianism

  Typically offered rarely
  This course is an advanced introduction to the politics of authoritarian regimes. The course begins with an investigation of the conceptual and operational differences between democracies and authoritarian regimes, as well as the consequences of those differences. We also examine conceptual distinctions between and empirical examples of personalist, monarchical, totalitarian, military, and single party regimes. The remainder of the course considers the means by which authoritarian governments maintain and exercise their power. Topics covered include ideology, coercion, political socialization, cooptation, electoral fraud, vote buying, institution-building, and patronage-distribution.

• PSC 235 Organizational Behavior

  Typically offered every year
  An analysis of the politics and economics of how organizations work. The goal of the course is to provide an understanding of bureaucracies, private sector firms, and non-profit organizations with respect to how decisions are made.

• IR 235 Elections under Democracy and Dictatorship

  Typically offered rarely
  Elections have become a near universal phenomenon in the modern world. In democracies, elections are the primary means of linking citizens to the government. In many new democracies, elections aspire to this function, but often fall short. Meanwhile, elections in modern authoritarian regimes serve functions that have little to do with representation and accountability. This course considers the promise and practice of elections in the modern world. It begins by considering the functions that elections should fulfill in democracies: providing representation and accountability. The course then proceeds to consider how elections in new democracies succeed and fail in fulfilling these functions. The last part of the course considers the role of elections in authoritarian regimes. The course proceeds thematically, but readings will examine recent elections in new democracies such as Kenya, Lebanon, Brazil, and Ukraine, while the conduct of authoritarian elections will be examined in countries such as Egypt, Jordan, Nigeria, and Russia.

• IR 236 Contentious Politics and Social Movements

  Typically offered rarely
  From the salons of Rochester to the shipyards of Gdansk to streets of Cairo, ordinary people have joined together to act outside of regular political institutions and push for change. They have formed organizations to protest, used nonviolence and violence, and fought to keep movements alive. These movements persist despite great personal risk and costs for participants. In this course we examine why and how social movements begin, organize, and succeed or fail. We examine how leaders develop new protest techniques, and how elites try to counter or neutralize these activities. Finally, we explore the impact of protest on macro-level outcomes such as political liberalization, new conceptions of citizenship and public policy. The course ends with a study of contemporary pro-democracy protests in the Middle East, considering hypotheses on the new use of social media. Throughout the semester, students will apply course theories to social movement organizations of their choice in independent research projects. Note: The course is a seminar capped at 20 students. Students will be expected to participate actively in class and complete three short research papers over the course of the semester.

• PSC 236 Health Care and the Law

  Typically offered every year
  This course provides an introduction to the legal foundations of health care in America. It is the responsibility of the American government to promote and protect the health and welfare of the public while respecting the interests, and upholding the rights, of the individual. The content of this course addresses how the law balances these collective and individual rights. The material covers a broad range of legal issues in health care, including autonomy, privacy, liberty, and proprietary interests, from the perspective of the provider(s) and the patient.

• PSC 237 Domestic Social Policy

  Typically offered every year
  An examination of major policy issues at the federal level. The normative justifications for governmental actions are discussed as well as the limitations imposed by bureaucracy and the decision-making process. Governmental programs that affect the poor are examined in detail, with special attention paid to an assessment of their impact and alternatives now under consideration.

• PSC 238 Business and Politics

  Typically offered every other year
  In this course we will use the tools of political science and economics to study how corporations affect and are affected by politics. Each meeting will feature a general topic as well as in-depth analysis of cases related to that topic. We will cover a broad range of issues affecting the business world, including regulation, lawmaking, the mass media, interest group mobilization, and corporate social responsibility. Cases will be drawn from areas such as antitrust, transportation,health care, and the environment. Course meetings will generally begin with a short lecture followed by extensive class discussion.

• IR 238 Political Economy of International Migration

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course explores trends in international migration, examining the major waves of global migration over the last century, focusing especially on the last decade. It examines the push and pull factors that drive movements of people, the policies for addressing these movements, and the politics and other factors that help shape the migration policies of high and low income countries. We will consider both forced and voluntary migration. We will also examine recent literature that explores the relationship between migration and economic development, including remittances, diaspora, and evidence for the impact of migrants on institutions. The final part of the course covers nascent forms of global governance to address international flows of people.

• PSC 239K The Nature of Entrepreneurship

  Typically offered every other year
  We will use theory, data, case studies, and guest speakers to investigate what it means to be an entrepreneur and what characterizes the entrepreneurial society. The term entrepreneur conjures up the image of a risk-taking maverick, but many entrepreneurs are in fact risk-averse. It is important, then, to begin the course by working out a definition of entrepreneurship that captures the essential elements of this elusive concept. From there, we will discuss the role of the entrepreneur in both economic transactions and in non-market environments such as politics. The rest of the semester will be focused on studying how institutions, such as the rule of law, foster or hinder entrepreneurship, and what the resulting impact is on economic growth and other measures of societal well-being.

• PSC 240 Criminal Procedure and Constitutional Principles

  Typically offered every year
  Through analysis of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, we examine criminal procedure as elaborated by federal and state court decisions. Topics include arrest procedures, search and seizure, right to counsel, and police interrogation and confessions. We will discuss the theoretical principles of criminal procedure and the application of those principles to the actual operation of the criminal court system.

• PSC 241 Urban Change and City Politics

  Typically offered rarely
  Through intensive reading and discussion, we examine the politics and history of American cities. The course emphasizes the ways in which ethnicity, race, and class shape battles over housing, neighborhoods, workplaces, schools, and governmental institutions. We examine the relationship between urban neighborhoods and suburbs, the sources of inner-city poverty and residential segregation, city services, economic constraints, and the nature of political alliances. In exploring these topics, we analyze how institutions--governments, party organizations, reform movements, churches and synagogues, city charters--shape the decisions that urban residents can make

• PSC 242 Courts, Communities, and Injustice in America

  Typically offered rarely
  This seminar will confront the legal and social conditions that promote injustice and the ways diverse communities yield to the judicial system\'s failings. Our inquiry will identify how the problem of injustice is situated at the local and national levels. Foundational legal doctrines will be mined, including the shift from lawyer-free to lawyer-driven trials, right to counsel, burden of proof, and the development of plea bargaining. We will then turn to the shapers of justice and examine the problem from the perspective of the prosecutor, police, defense attorney, and judge. In the end, a view of how the system works, and does not work, will emerge. And finally, we will ask what social forces perpetuate the misdiagnosis of this state of affairs.

• PSC 243 Environmental Politics

  Typically offered every year
  An examination of environmental issues from a social scientific perspective. Topics covered include the reasons for environmental regulation, the history of environmental policy, the state of contemporary environmental policy, the role of state and local governments, the impact of environmental activists, and a comparison of domestic and international regulation of environmental affairs. Although there is considerable time devoted to lecture, students are encouraged to participate. Each student will also develop and briefly present a research paper which investigates a relevant issue of interest.

• PSC 244K Politics and Markets: Innovation and The Global Business Environment

  Typically offered every other year
  Innovation is a driving force behind the massive increases in wealth that occurred in the 20th century, and the globalization of business is causing changes in the world\'s economy that we are only beginning to understand. In this course, we will spend several weeks studying how entrepreneurship and innovation are affected by government institutions. We will then spend several weeks studying business strategy in the global business environment, focusing on the role of regulations imposed by foreign governments and international organizations. Class meetings will be a mix of lecture and discussion, use real-world cases, and feature guest speakers. By the end of the course, you will have a stronger understanding of how businesses shape and are shaped by government policies. There are no prerequisites for this course, though some exposure to political science or economics is useful.

• PSC 245 Aging and Public Policy

  Typically offered every year
  The course will cover policies in such areas as social security, public assistance, health care, and social services for the elderly. The factual and philosophical assumptions underlying each policy will be examined, as will the division of responsibilities between public and private institutions and individuals. A variety of books, articles, and official publications that bear on the issues covered will be assigned.

• PSC 246 Women in Politics

  Typically offered every year
  This course will explore women's evolving roles in American politics. Topics include: a brief historical review of women's rights; women's roles in social movements; and women in electoral politics and as elected officials. Students will examine the quality of women's political leadership, comparing and contrasting it to the traditional gender-based models. Course readings will be supplemented by video presentations and guest lectures.

• PSC 246 Environmental Law and Policy

  Typically offered rarely
  An examination of federal environmental law and policy from a practical and historical perspective. This course will provide a basic foundational understanding of U.S. environmental law and help students develop the tools necessary to critique and improve environmental policy making. Topics include an overview of key federal environmental laws, some of the major loopholes, how environmental laws are shaped through agency regulation, judicial interpretation, political pressure, and their efficacy at safeguarding the environment and the public. The course will be taught through a combination of lectures, a group project focused on a specific case study, and student-led discussions about key aspects of environmental laws. Students will finish by considering emerging environmental issues and ways to address them.

• PSC 247 Green Markets: Environmental Opportunities and Pitfalls

  Typically offered rarely
  In recent years, there has been much discussion of the possibility of a green economy. This course examines the potential for "green markets," focusing on three drivers-social, political, and economic-that can both constrain firms and potentially condition whether issues of environment and sustainability can be exploited as a means for competitive advantage. Among issues covered will be demand and willingness to pay for green goods, the roles of NGOs and investors, regulation and its alternatives, firm reputation and product differentiation, supply chain management, and green production processes. Special attention will be given to the need of firms to deal with climate change now and in the future.

• PSC/IR 248 Politics of the Middle East

  Typically offered rarely
  This course introduces students to the contemporary politics of the Middle East from both comparative politics and international relations perspectives. It starts with a brief historical introduction to the region, and focuses on patterns of decolonization and the formation of the state. Then the course looks at aspects of current domestic politics of three smaller regions within the larger Middle East: the Levant, the Gulf, and North Africa. Major attention is paid to regimes, institutions, ethnic and religious cleavages, and energy politics. The second part discusses the international linkages of the Middle East with major powers such the United States and the European Union, as well as with states that have an increased interest in the region, such as Russia and China. It finishes with a discussion on how the Middle East relates to non-traditional security threats such as international terrorism and illicit trafficking, and to larger forces of globalization, such as economic liberalization and identity politics.

• PSC 249 Sports and the American City

  Typically offered rarely
  This is a course on the American city. We examine issues of suburbanization, neighborhood change, political conflict, urban poverty, economic development, and the fragmentation of cities over the last century. We encounter these issues through the prism of sports. Industrialization, urbanization and population migration, which created the great cities of the 19th century, also created organized athletics. Race, class, and gender, which have circumscribed the worlds of American urban residents, have shaped the emergence and development of sport. And the decisions of sports franchises to build ballparks and stadiums, relocate teams, and seek governmental funding all reflect forces that drive urban politics.

• PSC/IR 250 Conflict in Democracies

  Typically offered every year
  Why are some democracies able to keep political conflict within constitutional boundaries while others are not? This problem is very closely related to the creation and survival of democratic regimes. Theories about the political setting and theories of choices made by citizens and leaders will be used to explore the nature of democratic conflict. The theories will be applied to the politics of several specific contemporary democracies, such as Germany, Italy, Russia, India, and Northern Ireland. A maximum of 10 students will be accepted for upper-level writing, which requires two additional papers.

• PSC/IR 251 Political Economy of Development

  Typically offered every year
  This course focuses on the inter-relationship between politics and development. It will examine how political factors influence both the economic and human aspects of development, and how development, in turn, affects nations' political systems. Some of the major questions to be addressed by the course are: Do historical legacies influence development? How do formal and informal institutions affect economic and human development? What is the relationship between development and socio-political factors such as ethnic fractionalization, conflict, and corruption? And, does foreign aid promote development?

• PSC/IR 252 Ethnic Politics

  Typically offered
  What motivates individuals to identify with an ethnic group? How does ethnic identity shape voting, political parties, democratic stability, economic growth, and political violence? This seminar explores the growing literature on ethnic politics in comparative politics and international relations. The course includes theoretical and multi-country studies of ethnic politics and also includes in-depth case studies of Nigeria, the United States, South Africa, India, and Sudan.

• PSC/IR 253 Comparative Political Parties

  Typically offered every year
  This seminar examines the nature of political parties and political competition across democracies in the developed and developing worlds. Issues analyzed include the formation of different types of parties, their role in agenda-setting, policy-making and representation, and their transformation in the post-World War II era.

• PSC/IR 255 Institutions and Underdevelopment

  Typically offered every year
  Why are some countries so much richer than others? This course focuses on the political causes of differences in income across countries. We will address the importance of political and economic institutions, ethnic and class conflict, the role and organization of the state, and political beliefs and culture in answering the question above. We will also discuss the consequences of unequal wealth for political and economic development. Cases will be taken from Africa, East Asia and South Asia.

• PSC/IR 256 Theories of Comparative Politics

  Typically offered every year
  This course introduces theories in the field of comparative politics. We want to understand how the national and international environment, the political culture, the political institutions and the choices of citizens and leaders affect political performance. We explain democratization, stability, competition, citizen influence, and policy outcomes as consequences of the environment, culture and institutions--and human choices in these contexts. The theories of comparative politics offer such explanations. In this course we want to introduce some of the theories and evaluate their credibility, both through general readings and by seeing how they play out in some specific countries. We shall especially use politics in Germany to exemplify various theoretical features.

• PSC/IR 257 Poland in the New Europe

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course will provide an introduction to Poland's modern history: from the downfall of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 18th century, to the re-emergence of an independent Poland following World War I, to Poland's tragic experience during World War II, to the establishment of Communist rule, and finishing with the collapse of the Communist system in 1989 and the rise of an independent, democratic state. Poland's history will be placed in the context of broader regional developments, and comparisons with neighboring countries will be made where possible. Although special emphasis is placed on 20th century history, careful attention will be paid to key events and developments of the previous century. This course focuses primarily on political and social history, highlighting significant cultural phenomena and developments where appropriate.

• PSC/IR 258 Democratic Regimes

  Typically offered every year
  Why have some countries made a successful transition to democracy, while others have not? Why are some democracies more stable than others? Are some forms of democratic governance better than others at promoting stability or better governance? What are the trade-offs that different choices of democratic institutions entail? And how can countries that are already democratic improve the quality and effectiveness of their institutions? To answer these questions, this course offers a survey of the leading literature in comparative politics centered on the topic of democratization. The first part of the course will be devoted primarily to examining competing theories about the conditions and causes of the emergence and consolidation of democracy. The second part of the course examines theories about why different democratic institutions are chosen and how, once chosen, these institutions function. Among the topics addressed will be the merits of presidentialism versus parliamentary systems, the role of political parties, and various issues relating to questions of representation and accountability which affect the quality of democratic governance.

• PSC/IR 259 Democratic Consolidation

  Typically offered rarely
  Democratic transitions are easy to see as they occur - they are often shown on CNN. But the consolidation of democracy is much trickier. It is difficult to measure, and even harder to determine its causes. As with many concepts in social science, many take the attitude that we know it when we see it. This course will examine a number of countries from across Eastern Europe (Poland, Russia, and Ukraine), Southern Europe (Portugal and Greece), and Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, and Peru) that experienced democratic transitions as part of the Third Wave of Democracy to determine where we do and do not see democratic consolidation, and then use these cases to inform theoretical discussions of why democracy is consolidated in some places, but not in others. We will focus especially on the trajectories of electoral cycles and political competition, constitutional development, and political crises.

• PSC/IR 260 Contemporary African Politics

  Typically offered every year
  This course provides an introduction to the major issues in contemporary African politics. The questions we will consider include: What are the legacies of slavery and colonialism? What accounts for the variation in political institutions across Africa? Why have so many African countries experienced political violence? And, how do political institutions influence development in Africa? We will do so by examining individual countries, as well as evidence from broad cross-national studies.

• PSC/IR 260 The Cold War: Europe between the US and the USSR

  Typically offered rarely
  The Cold War is typically seen as a political struggle between the U.S. and the USSR, yet it was played out on and directly affected the peoples of Western, Central, and Eastern Europe. The course will trace the splitting, and then deepening, divides in Europe as well as the consequences of the Cold War for states across the continent. From a socio-political perspective focused on Central Europe, we will analyze the most dramatic and significant turning points, such as the Berlin Airlift in 1949 and the Polish Solidarity strikes in 1980, as well as survey internal and external actions and reactions across nearly five decades until the implosion of the entire communist system between 1989 and 1991. The course will close with a look at currently rising tensions between Europe and Russia.

• PSC/IR 261 Latin American Politics

  Typically offered every 1-2 years
  This course provides an introduction to political institutions and institutional reform in contemporary Latin America. The central theme of the course will be to focus on the emergence and functioning of key political institutions in Latin America, including the presidency, the legislature, the system of electoral rules, political parties, the judiciary, and the bureaucracy. The course will draw on a broad range of theoretical perspectives to analyze institutional choice and performance. In addition, the course will consider competing definitions of institutions, evaluate the trade-offs posed by institutional choice, and consider the prospects for institutional reform in the region.

• PSC/IR 262 Globalization Past and Present

  Typically offered every year
  This course examines the implications of economic globalization for domestic and international politics. Emphasis will be given to the lessons of 19th-century globalization for politically relevant issues of the present such as the effect of greater factor mobility on income distribution, economic growth, political coalitions, policy-setting autonomy, and the viability of the welfare state. Classes will feature a short introductory lecture followed by active discussion of the week\'s topic(s) and readings.

• PSC/IR 262 Elections in Developing Countries

  Typically offered
  

• PSC/IR 263 Comparative Law and Courts

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course examines courts from a comparative perspective. Although long a central focus of American politics, increasingly courts have become important political institutions around the world. Among the questions that we will examine throughout the course include: Why are some judiciaries more independent than others? What effect does independence have on economic development and democratic consolidation? What role do formal institutional guarantees play in shaping the role of courts? How accountable are judges to the public or elected officials? What factors account for judicial decision-making? Taking the U.S. experience as a starting point, the course will explore answers to these questions by drawing on the recent literature on judicial politics from Europe, Russia, Africa, and Latin America.

• PSC/IR 264 Comparative Political Institutions

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This seminar deals with political institutions and their implications for the behavior of political actors and their effects on social outcomes. We will emphasize both theoretical ideas and empirical research on political institutions and consider some of the core topics of scientific inquiry in modern comparative politics. These include: electoral systems, political parties and party systems, legislatures, parliamentary government, government and coalition formation, presidential institutions, courts and judicial power, federalism, etc. In addition to examining existing institutional arrangements, questions of institutional design will also be emphasized where appropriate.

• PSC/IR 265 Civil War and the International System

  Typically offered every year
  Civil war is by far the most common form of armed conflict in the contemporary world. Internal wars, such as those in Iraq and Afghanistan, are also central to the major foreign policy debates in the United States and the United Nations. The first half of this course addresses the question of when and where civil wars occur and what their effects are domestically and internationally. The second half of the class examines external actors' role in civil war, such as financial support to governments or insurgents, armed interventions, and peacekeeping missions. Students will be evaluated based on two midterms and a cumulative final.

• PSC/IR 266 Politics of the European Union

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  Why do European countries differ in terms of economic development and political institutions? Why do they want to pool sovereignty? How can we explain episodes of deadlock and progress? This course considers the past, present, and future of European integration. After a brief introduction to the major themes of the course, we will survey theories of European integration, focusing on explanations of conflict and cooperation. We will then study the governance of the EU, concentrating in turn on the institutional structures, policymaking processes, and the problems for political identity and democratic legitimacy at the European and national levels. Several classes will be devoted to studying public policy issues, including economic, and social issues, immigration, foreign and security policy, enlargement, and the draft constitution. Finally, we will consider individual country experiences more closely.

• PSC/IR 266 South Asian Politics

  Typically offered every other year
  South Asia has more than 1.7 billion inhabitants, and is one of the most ethnically diverse regions of the world. This course explores the regional politics of South Asia, focusing on the domestic politics of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Bangladesh. We will also discuss the relations of each of these countries with their neighbors and the rest of the world. The course will begin with a discussion of colonial legacies, and the paths of economic and political development in the post-colonial era. We will end with an in-depth study of contemporary political regimes in South Asia, party politics, and the religious and ethnic tensions that continue to plague the subcontinent in modern times.

• PSC/IR 267 Identity, Ethnicity and Nationalism

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course explores the concepts of identity, ethnicity and nationalism from a comparative perspective. Drawing upon theories from political science, anthropology, sociology and economics, we will examine how identity is defined and how societies use these constructions in, among other things, nation-building, war, and party competition. Theoretical readings will be supplemented with empirical studies from developed and developing countries across different time periods.

• PSC/IR 268 Economics and Elections

  Typically offered
  This undergraduate seminar examines the effect of elections and electoral systems on economic outcomes as well as the converse, how economic variation influences elections and the choice of electoral systems. More specifically, we will examine topics such as how electoral competitiveness and electoral institutions influence taxation, price levels, income distribution and trade protectionism as well as how change in domestic and international economic aggregates affect the probability of incumbent reelection, opportunistic election timing, and institutional reform. This course is organized as a seminar in which students present and critique each week\'s readings. While neither PSC200 nor PSC201 is a prerequisite, elementary familiarity with statistics is helpful for understanding much of the reading in this course.

• PSC/IR 268 International Organization

  Typically offered every other year
  The anarchic society of international relations includes elements of order, including norms, international law and international organizations (IOs). Governance does not necessarily imply government. Indeed, most issues of wide concern in international affairs are governed by international treaties and presided over by international organizations. Some of these, such as the IMF, World Bank, WTO, UN, and EU, command substantial resources and reach deep into the domestic politics in their member states. The course will survey the history of international organization, analyze the most important IOs, and investigate the influence of law under anarchy. How effective are these elements of cooperation, and what problems are most difficult to solve at the international level? What leads to change in international governance? Students taking the course for writing credit register for 268W and write a substantial research paper in addition to the other course requirements.

• PSC/IR 269 Russian Politics

  Typically offered rarely
  This course will focus on the politics of the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period. After a brief review of the decline and fall of the USSR, it will concentrate on Russian political development under the presidencies of Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin, especially on the power politics of elections, parties, struggles between center and periphery, the increasing dominance of the executive branch and the decline of competitive politics. In mapping the emergence of Russia\'s political terrain, it will address some of the forces that have contributed to shaping it, including the results of economic transition, and the interplay of domestic politics and Russia\'s changing geo-political status, including the Chechen wars and Russia\'s interests in other former Soviet republics such as Georgia and Ukraine.

• PSC/IR 270 Mechanisms of International Relations

  Typically offered every year
  The last ten years or so have seen a major revolution in the social sciences. Instead of trying to discover and test grand "covering laws" that have universal validity and tremendous scope (think Newton's gravity or Einstein's relativity), the social sciences are in the process of switching to more narrow and middle-range theories and explanations, often referred to as causal mechanisms. Mechanisms play a crucial role in this new conception of theory in the social sciences. In this course we will examine one particular mechanism each week and see how it has been applied in international political economy and/or security studies. Students will be introduced to formal reasoning in an informal manner. We will explore several substantive themes, such as the "democratic peace," ethnic conflict and international trade to illustrate the mechanisms and cumulative potential of this research approach.

• PSC/IR 271 Russia and Eastern Europe: Politics and International Relations

  Typically offered every other year
  For the small countries of Eastern Europe, politics has always taken place in the shadow of larger actors, and continues to be decisively influenced by events beyond national borders. Meanwhile, the dramatic shifts in international affairs in the last century had their origins in domestic upheavals, often in Russia. The course will survey the politics and international relations of the region in the second half of the twentieth century, devoting roughly equal attention to the Cold War and post-Cold War periods.

• PSC/IR 272 Theories of International Relations

  Typically offered every year
  How do we explain patterns of war and peace? Why do states with common interests often fail to cooperate? This course surveys theories of international relations, focusing on explanations of conflict and cooperation. In particular, it examines the roles of individual choice, strategic interaction, uncertainty, power, domestic politics, and anarchy. Students participate in an internet-based simulation of an international crisis. The course also serves as an introduction to game theory, and students will be expected to solve game theory problems in homework and exams. Students taking this course for writing credit register for PSC 272W and write a substantial research paper in addition to the other course requirements.

• PSC/IR 273 Political Economy of East Asia

  Typically offered rarely
  This course focuses on three East Asian countries � China, Japan, and South Korea � from the perspective of international political economy. The course will examine the postwar developmental strategies of these countries and how the globalized world economy has transformed their state-led economies. It will address the challenges posed for East Asian countries by the Asian financial crisis and how the financial turbulence has led to institutional and policy reforms in these countries. We will also discuss the international trade relations between these countries and the U.S. and explore the domestic and international political implications of their trade relations.

• PSC/IR 274 Introduction to International Political Economy

  Typically offered every other year
  This course explores the interaction between politics and economics at the international level as well as between the international and domestic levels, involving various actors such as governments, interest groups, and multinational corporations. As an interdisciplinary field related to both international politics and international economics, international political economy examines the management and openness of the international economy, the determinants of foreign economic policy-making on topics such as trade, foreign exchange, capital controls, the politics of economic development, the effects of domestic political competition on international trade and capital flows, the determinants of regional integration, as well as the spread or containment of international financial crises. Students are expected to complete oral and written assignments which are designed to help them develop their problem solving, writing and presentation skills.

• PSC/IR 275 American Foreign Policy

  Typically offered rarely
  This course examines both the historic roots and contemporary practice of U.S. foreign policy. It will begin with a brief survey of U.S. foreign policies from the earliest days of the Republic to the challenges of the twenty-first century, with a particular emphasis on debates over the best strategy and role for the U.S. in the world. It will then move to an analysis of the policy process and the determinants of U.S. policy, with a particular focus on the relationships between the executive, public opinion, the Congress, and the bureaucracy, as well as relationships with allies and international organizations. Last, it will analyze in detail the challenges, options, and limits of contemporary American foreign and national security policy, including the rise of China, increasing globalization, and terrorism.

• PSC/IR 276 The Politics of Insurgency and Terrorism

  Typically offered every year
  This seminar deals with the logic of asymmetric conflicts between states and non-state actors. We will examine the military, political, and social factors that determine when and where asymmetric warfare is likely to occur. Students will complete short weekly assignments designed to prepare for class discussion. Those enrolled in the writing-intensive version of this seminar will complete a final research paper. Students in the non-writing-intensive version of the course will be given a take-home, open-note essay test as a final exam.

• PSC/IR 277 International Security

  Typically offered occasionally
  This course surveys the field of international security. It starts by examining the nature of security, force and the threat of force in the international realm. It then examines the international security problems that emerge from the interactions of the great powers, and considers important historical cases including the August 1914 crisis, the initiation of the Second World War, and the end of the Cold War. During the second half of the course, it examines asymmetric international security problems, including wars with weak states, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, ethnic conflicts, and rising powers. It concludes by considering some of the solutions that have been proposed for the problems of international security, including international organizations, democracy promotion, and integration.

• PSC/IR 278 War and Political Violence

  Typically offered occasionally
  This class addresses several key questions about war and political violence: What is war? How does it relate to other forms of political violence? How do states decide how to fight a war? Why do wars end when they do? How should we think about the nature of war? We will delve into these issues by addressing the theoretical and empirical literature on how wars are fought and how they are ended. Then we will address non-traditional forms of political violence like guerilla warfare and insurgency, civil wars, terrorism, and rioting. The domestic politics of war-fighting, particularly those involving public opinion and civil-military relations will also be examined, as will some of the challenges of conflict resolution. Readings will include both classics of military theory by the likes of Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Mao, and work on ethnic conflict, rioting, genocide, and the nature of war and war termination by modern political scientists.

• PSC/IR 279 War and the Nation State

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course examines the development of warfare and the growth of the state from the French Revolution to the end of the Second World War. We examine the phenomenon of war in its broader socio-economic context, focusing on nationalism, bureaucratization, industrialization and democratization. We will go into some detail on the two major conflicts of the twentieth century, the First and Second World Wars. Students are required to do all the reading. Every student will make a presentation in class on the readings for one class (25% of the grade), and there will be one comprehensive final (75%).

• IR 280 Communism and Democracy in Eastern Europe

  Typically offered
  The course will provide an introduction to the post-war political and social history of Central Europe from the establishment of the Communist regimes until the present, with a special emphasis on the case of Poland. The aim of the course is to explore the nature and impact of Communist dictatorship and the process of transformation to democracy taking place since 1989. The course will focus on the political, economic and social dimensions of this transition.

• PSC 280 Political Accountability

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This class surveys positive theories of political accountability - theories of the mechanisms that cause governments to act (or prevent them from acting) in the interests of their citizens. In the first few weeks students are trained to analyze basic principal-agent models. These models were initially developed in economics, and are now widely used in the studies of political accountability. The rest of the course is divided into two units - theories of political accountability in representative democracies, and theories of political accountability in autocracies. In addition to basic positive models, both units examine empirical studies of accountability, and problems of "reform" - i.e. the possibility of designing institutions that would improve accountability.

• PSC 281 Formal Models in Political Science

  Typically offered every year
  This course explores the rational choice approach to understanding political phenomena. The main results of social choice theory, game theory, and spatial modeling are presented through application to a broad range of political situations: voting, legislative politics, political campaigns, comparison of electoral systems, the evolution of cooperation, and international relations. While there are no formal mathematical prerequisites for the course, some familiarity with mathematical reasoning and formalism is a must.

• IR 281 Business and Politics in Eastern and Central Europe

  Typically offered
  

• PSC 282 Art and Politics

  Typically offered rarely
  This course on the interactions between art and politics in the twentieth century will be conducted as an intensive and advanced seminar. Drawing on art history, literature and political theory we will explore the ways that politics and the practices of artistic representation intersect. Much of the course will treat questions of race and identity. Our focus will primarily include French and American examples including but not limited to the representation and theorization of torture, forced migration, lynching, globalization and racial categories. Students will be expected to look at art, read poetry and literary texts, analyze and understand political theory and participate in a series of speakers and symposia outside of the class. This course has been designed for students from across the humanities and the social sciences.

• IR 282 Eastern Europe: Philosophy and Reform

  Typically offered rarely
  The course presents the philosophical ideas (Marxism, liberalism, Catholic social teaching) at the roots of economic reforms and transformations in Eastern and Central Europe. The course will analyze the philosophical basis of the communist/socialist economy as well as economic practice - its successes and malfunctions. It presents the western critics of socialism (Mises, Hayek) and their impact on the rebirth of classical liberalism in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1960s, and 1980s. It will also expound other, non-liberal attempts at reform taken by two groups: the revisionist one with a Marxist background that requested only the adjustment of the communist/socialist system and another inspired by the Catholic social teaching that demanded the abolition of socialism. It will use the case of particular countries (Hungary, Romania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and former Yugoslavia) to present theoreticians who became politicians and have had a major impact on the contemporary situation.

• PSC 283 Contemporary Political Theory

  Typically offered every other year
  This course deals with the role of vision and representation in current political thought. This is a broad theme. To explore it we will read a variety of critics and theorists such as John Dewey, Hannah Arendt, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Michel Foucault, and Susan Sontag. We also will explore efforts in a broad range of visual media such as graphics and photography, to envision such matters as race and color, migrations and boundaries, material inequality, power and its manifestations, and so forth. By analyzing these resources, students will develop their skills, both oral and written, at formulating their own arguments on important political themes. The course is writing intensive. It is not open to freshmen. Pre-requisite: PSC 202 Argument in Political Science.

• IR 283 Post-Soviet Politics: Democracy, Authoritarianism, and Elections

  Typically offered
  This course uses cases from the post-Soviet world to examine general questions in the study of regime change, political institutions, and non-democratic politics. We will examine questions such as: Why are some countries in the region more democratic than others? What is the role of cultural, sociological, historical, institutional, and economic factors in explaining regime differences? Do these regime differences matter for other political and economic outcomes? How do these regimes rule? And, what is the role of nominally democratic institutions in non-democratic regimes? Throughout the course there will be a focus on how formal institutions, such as elections, parties, and legislatures, structure competition and political exchange. We will also examine political machines, clan politics, and clientelist linkages. As the largest and most studied post-Soviet country, Russia will receive special attention in our course, but we will also have readings on Ukraine, Belarus, Central Asia, and the Caucasus.

• PSC 284 Democratic Theory

  Typically offered rarely
  This advanced undergraduate course in political theory focuses on various topics in democratic theory such as the relation between democracy and other basic political principles (liberty, equality, justice), whether democratic institutions should best be aggregative or deliberative, and the role of referenda, lotteries and new telecommunications technology in democratic decision-making. Readings are drawn from both advocates and critics of democratic politics and will encompass historical and contemporary theorists. The class format will combine lecture and discussion.

• PSC 285 Strategy and Politics

  Typically offered rarely
  The fundamental assumption of this course is that in most important political and social settings the ability of any actor to achieve her objectives is dependent on what she expects other relevant actors to do. This sort of interdependency is the defining feature of strategic interaction. We examine the implications of this basic assumption for a range of important political questions. To this end we focus on a range of concrete examples and explore them with sets of analytical models - drawn mostly from game theory and social choice theory. While the models necessarily are abstract and so are formulated in symbols, this is not a course in mathematics, and NO special mathematical knowledge is needed for this course. Instead, all that is presupposed is a willingness to address analytical concepts head on.

• PSC 286 Political Economy

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  What determines the size of government, the extent and type of public good provision, the effect of interest groups and lobbying on legislators, and the connection between business and electoral cycles? These are the types of questions that this course will address -- questions that investigate the intersection of politics and economics. Other topics include regulation and bureaucracy, monetary policy and central banks, and taxation and redistribution. The course will draw on a broad range of theoretical perspectives from positive political theory, public choice, and economics. Therefore, although there are no formal prerequisites for the course, some exposure to basic game theory or microeconomics would be helpful.

• PSC 287 Theories of Political Economy

  Typically offered
  In recent decades a number of important intellectual intersections have emerged between political science and economics. The course will explore these intersections as they appear in the work of several scholars who have won the Nobel Prize in economics. Our aim is to explore the analytical, explanatory and normative implications of this work in hopes of discerning lessons for thinking about enduring political issues and institutions. Some prior course work in economics or political science will be helpful but is not required.

• PSC 288 Game Theory

  Typically offered every year
  Game theory is a systematic study of strategic situations. It is a theory that helps us analyze economic and political strategic issues, such as behavior of individuals in a group, competition among firms in a market, platform choices of political candidates, and so on. We will develop the basic concepts and results of game theory, including simultaneous and sequential move games, repeated games and games with incomplete information. The objective of the course is to enable the student to analyze strategic situations on his/her own. The emphasis of the course is on theoretical aspects of strategic behavior, so familiarity with mathematical formalism is desirable.

• PSC 291 First Amendment and Religion

  Typically offered every year
  The Constitution helps define, as it perhaps reflects, American society. In this scheme, religion has a special role. It, arguably uniquely, is given both Constitutional protection (free exercise) as well as Constitutional limitation (no establishment). Religion's placement in the Bill of Rights (as a part of the First Amendment) suggests its importance (both in protection and in limitation) to the founders, and religion's role in society today remains important and controversial. This course examines the historical forces that led to the adoption of the religion clauses of the First Amendment, the subsequent development of those clauses (importantly through the close reading of key Supreme Court opinions), and religion's role in modern American society.

• PSC 292 Rousseau to Revolution

  Typically offered every other year
  This course will study the political philosophy of Rousseau and the French Revolution.

• PSC 310 Political Parties and Elections

  Typically offered rarely
  Why did parties emerge? How have political parties changed? Is politics today more candidate-centered than party-centered? If so, so what? If parties are losing their grip on the loyalties of the voters, why are parties growing stronger and more meaningful as organizations and in Congress? Is democracy workable without political parties? This is a reading course addressing these and related questions. Undergraduates wishing to take this course must discuss their interest with the instructor and secure his permission prior to registering. This course may be taken for upper level writing credit.

• PSC 313 Voter Participation and Elections

  Typically offered
  This Course is a brief introduction to voter participation in elections and the manner in which U.S. elections are conducted. Special attention will be paid to election administration. It is also open to students from Roberts Wesleyan College and Monroe Community College who are participating in the Monroe County Election Fellows Program. Total enrollment is limited to 15 students. The course will meet half the semester (Jan 18-March 1), one night a week. Students will be expected to read a moderate amount of material for each session. Grading will be based on class participation and one or more short reports. It is also likely that students will analyze a survey to be completed by student election inspectors.

• PSC 316 Political Participation

  Typically offered rarely
  This seminar examines the scope, modes, and theoretical perspectives on political participation in the United States. We consider demographic and socio-economic theories on political participation (race, class, and gender) as well as how social context and rational decision-making influence individuals\' decisions to participate in the political process. Students are required to write weekly summary papers and write a research paper.

• PSC 318 Emergence of the Modern Congress

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  Through intensive reading and discussion, we will analyze major issues in congressional history and legislative institutions. We will examine the basic institutions of the House and Senate--committees, parties, leaders, and rules. We will also examine the development of careerism, the seniority system, agenda-setting, electoral concerns, the relationship between Congress and the president, divided government, and efforts at institutional reform. The course is designed to introduce students to the principal approaches used by political scientists to study Congress, with special emphasis on the development of congressional institutions over time. This is an advanced seminar, primarily for graduate students but open also to juniors and seniors with substantial background in political science, economics, and history.

• PSC 319 American Legislative Institutions

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  The United States Congress has always dominated the modern study of legislatures. In recent years, however, legislative scholars have paid increasing attention to the value of comparative studies. American state legislatures, in particular, offer a rich field for examining the impact (and origins) of institutional differences. In this course, we will look side-by-side at the U.S. House, the U.S. Senate, and the 99 state legislative chambers. We will consider the major institutions within a legislative chamber, including the role of committees, leaders, parties, and rules in legislative organization. But, taking advantage of this comparative approach, we will also gain insight into the effects of term limits, bicameralism, party competition, seniority systems, professionalization, careerism, ideological heterogeneity, money in politics, and links between campaigns and governance.

• PSC/IR 350 Comparative Politics Field Seminar

  Typically offered every other year
  This course provides general conceptual background and an introduction to some major works in the comparative field and subfields. Comparative politics is a field that attempts to develop and test theories that can be used to explain political events and patterns across political systems, especially nation-states. Topics include political culture, development and democratization, political regimes, violence and revolution, elections, social movements, parties, coalitions, institutions, and comparative public policy. The works are discussed and compared both in terms of the major substantive arguments and the methodological approaches taken to enhance the credibility of the arguments. The reading load is heavy and students are expected to write a number of short papers, which are presented in class, as well a midterm and one longer analytic essay.

• PSC/IR 351 Western European Politics

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This is a graduate-level seminar on the domestic institutions and political processes defining Western Europe since 1945. Several countries, including Britain, France and Germany, will be examined in the context of comparative themes. These topics include political parties, interest groups, and changing patterns of interest articulation and representation; the politics of federalism and regionalism; governmental and electoral types; concepts of race, ethnicity and citizenship; and the Europeanization of domestic politics.

• PSC/IR 355 Democratic Processes

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course is designed to introduce the comparative study of democratic political processes. This subfield of comparative politics focuses on the process of choosing political leaders and making political decisions in the context of competitive elections and relative freedom of political action. We begin by discussing some philosophical issues concerning the nature and justification of democracy. We then take quick looks at the effects of differing societal contexts, the origins and consequences of constitutional rules, and the comparative study of citizens' attitudes and behavior. The second half of the course focuses on groups and, especially, political parties: competition, organization, coalitions, legislative and executive behavior, connections between citizens and policy. Grades are based on class discussion, a formal seminar presentation, a midterm, and an analytic paper or final exam. The class is intended primarily for graduate students but is open, upon instructor approval, to upper-level undergraduates who have shown both extraordinary promise and strong interest in comparative politics.

• PSC/IR 356 Political Economy of Reform

  Typically offered every other year
  Contemporary theory in political science and economics increasingly emphasizes the role of institutions. In Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, meanwhile, institutions have seen an unprecedented degree of experimentation, reform and variation since 1989. This course will integrate recent theoretical developments with contemporary case studies. Emphasis will be on the political and economic consequences of the choice of institutions, and the politics of institutional design. The course will focus on five topics: central planning, simultaneous political and economic transitions, macroeconomic stabilization, privatization and property rights, and the politics of regulation.

• PSC/IR 364 Comparative Political Economy

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This seminar offers a broad survey of research in comparative political economy. More specifically, we will study how various political institutions, processes, and events affect economic policy and outcomes as well as the converse, how economic performance and interests influence the development of institutions and political outcomes. The primary goal of this course is to help students identify research opportunities in the literature. Accordingly, emphasis will be placed on the generation of research proposals that reflect a sound understanding of the state of the field. Students will be evaluated on short assignments, participation, presentations, and a final research proposal. This is a graduate seminar but it is open, with the instructor's approval, to undergraduates who have shown extraordinary promise and interest in the subject.

• PSC/IR 372 International Politics Field Seminar

  Typically offered every other year
  An advanced course intended to prepare Ph.D. students for comprehensive exams in international relations. The course conducts a broad survey of influential works in the field and of current research into the causes of international conflict and cooperation. Extraordinarily well-prepared undergraduates may be admitted.

• PSC/IR 373 Territory and Group Conflict

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This graduate seminar examines a long neglected topic: the role of territory in group politics. The goal is to build a basic understanding of why, when, how and which territory becomes contested. We will read from a broad range of disciplines. Each student is expected to write two short papers for two different sessions, which are not to exceed 1500 words. Each paper should provide an independent commentary of you own on some aspect of that week's readings. These papers form the background against which we will discuss the readings in class. In addition, each student is required to write a 20-25 page research paper, which focuses in depth on one of the discussed emerging research agendas. As in other graduate seminars, the course will be conducted almost exclusively through discussion. Hence it is crucial that students do the reading in advance, to set aside time to reflect on the readings, and to prepare comments and questions.

• PSC/IR 374 International Political Economy

  Typically offered rarely
  This seminar treats in detail at an advanced level key issues in the study of international political economy. Students should be prepared for very considerable responsibilities of critical reading and preparation for informed participation in discussion. Topics examined include the following: paradigmatic debates, hegemonic stability and international institutions, linkage strategies and economic sanctions, classes and coalitions, domestic institutions, bilateralism and multilateralism, credibility and macroeconomic coordination, international debt, international environmental policy, and the collapse of the Soviet bloc.

• PSC 380 Scope of Political Science

  Typically offered every year
  The aim of the seminar is to encourage students to examine political science in a reflective, disciplined, critical way. It is primarily designed for entering Ph.D. students, but may be appropriate for undergraduate seniors considering graduate work in political science. We use basic concepts in the philosophy of science to explore a range of specific examples of research in the discipline with the aim of discerning more clearly what it means to say that social and political inquiry is scientific.

• PSC 383 Culture and Politics

  Typically offered rarely
  Social scientists often claim that there is an intimate relationship between culture and politics. They, unfortunately, have made scant progress in elaborating the theoretical resources needed to analyze that relationship. This has led several observers to conclude that the "systemic study of politics and culture is moribund". Our aim in this seminar is to remedy this sorry state. More specifically, we will try to identify the theoretical resources that might allow more cogent analyses of the relation between culture and politics. In the process we will range across disciplines, with readings drawn from anthropology, economics, history, philosopy, political science and sociology. The course is run as a seminar, which means that all students must participate actively.

• PSC 390 Supervised Teaching

  Typically offered
  

• PSC 391 Directed Reading/Independent Study

  Typically offered
  

• PSC 392 Practicum

  Typically offered
  

• PSC 393 Senior Honors Project

  Typically offered every year
  The Honors Project is a year-long research project supervised by a faculty member in the department and culminating in a written work. It begins, in most instances, with enrollment in the Junior Honors Seminar. Registration in PSC 393 requires approval of the faculty member who will supervise the honors project.

• PSC 394 Local Law and Politics Internships

  Typically offered every semester
  Most internship placements are in the District Attorney's or Public Defender's offices or in the local offices of U.S. members of Congress or Senators. Other internships are available depending on student interest. Interns work 10-12 hours per week through the entire semester. Grades are primarily based on a research paper. Applicants should have an appropriate course background for the internship and at least a B average. Students must be accepted in the course before approaching an agency for an internship. Applications are available from Professor L. Powell and an interest meeting is held just before preregistration each semester.

• PSC 396 Washington Semester

  Typically offered every semester
  These internships provide an opportunity to learn experientially one or more of the following: how government functions; how public policies are created, adopted and implemented; and how political campaigns work. Placements would typically be in Congress, the executive branch, party campaign committees, and possibly lobbying and advocacy groups. For applications and information, students should contact Professor L. Powell. An interest meeting is held each semester.

• PSC/IR 397 European Political Internship

  Typically offered every semester
  Internships are available for students in Edinburgh, London, Brussels, Bonn, Berlin and Madrid. Internships are in English in Edinburgh, London, and Brussels: students need proficiency in the language for the latter four placements. For applications and information, students should contact the Study Abroad Office in Lattimore 206.

• PSC 404 Probability and Inference

  Typically offered every year
  This course in mathematical statistics provides graduate students in political science with a solid foundation in probability and statistical inference. The focus of the course is on the empirical modeling of non-experimental data. While substantive political science will never be far from our minds, our primary goal is to acquire the tools necessary for success in the rest of the econometrics sequence. As such, this course serves as a prerequisite for the advanced political science graduate courses in statistical methods (PSC 405, 505, and 506).

• PSC 405 Linear Models

  Typically offered every year
  In this course, we will examine the linear regression model and its variants. The course has two goals: (1) to provide students with the statistical theory of the linear model, and (2) to provide students with skills for analyzing data. The linear model is a natural starting point for understanding regression models in general, inferences based on them, and problems with our inferences due to data issues or to model misspecification. The model's relative tractability has made it an attractive tool for political scientists, resulting in volumes of research using the methods studied here. Familiarity with the linear model is now essentially required if one wants to be a consumer or producer of modern political science research.

• PSC 407 Mathematical Modeling

  Typically offered every year
  This course is the first half of a two-course sequence consisting of PSC 407 and PSC 408. The goal of the sequence is to give a rigorous introduction to the main concepts and results in positive political theory. At the same time, we will teach you the mathematical tools necessary to understand these results, to use them and (if it suits you) to surpass them in your own research in political science. The course will emphasize rigorous logical and deductive reasoning - this skill will prove valuable, even to the student primarily interested in empirical analysis rather than modeling. The sequence is designed to be both a rigorous foundation for students planning on taking further courses in the positive political theory field and a self-contained overview of the field for students who do not intend to do additional coursework in the field. The sequence will cover both social choice theory, which concerns finding an axiomatic basis for collective decision making, and game theory, which analyzes individual behavior in strategic situations. Students should have, at a minimum, a sound familiarity with basic algebra (solving equations, graphing functions, etc.) and a knowledge of basic calculus. Consistent with department policy, students are required to attend the "math" camp offered in the weeks before the first fall semester.

• PSC 408 Positive Political Theory

  Typically offered every year
  This course is part of a rigorous introduction to the main concepts and results in positive political theory. It is the second half of a two-course sequence consisting of PSC 407 and PSC 408. This course will focus on the basics of game theory, which analyzes individual behavior in strategic situations. It will also cover the mathematical tools required to express the theory. Examples and applications will be drawn from several different areas in political science, including the American Congress, voting, international relations, political economy, and law.

• PSC 465 Civil War and the International System

  Typically offered
  Civil war is by far the most common form of armed conflict in the contemporary world. Internal wars, such as those in Iraq and Afghanistan, are also central to the major foreign policy debates in the United States and the United Nations. The first half of this course addresses the question of when and where civil wars occur and what their effects are domestically and internationally. The second half of the class examines external actors role in civil war, such as financial support to governments or insurgents, armed interventions, and peacekeeping missions. Students will be evaluated based on two midterms and a final.

• PSC 471 Russia and Eastern Europe: Politics and International Relations

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  For the small countries of Eastern Europe, politics has always taken place in the shadow of larger actors, and continues to be decisively influenced by events beyond national borders. Meanwhile, the dramatic shifts in international affairs in the last century had their origins in domestic upheavals, often in Russia. The course will survey the politics and international relations of the region in the second half of the twentieth century, devoting roughly equal attention to the Cold War and post-Cold War periods.

• PSC 479 War and the Nation State

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course examines the development of warfare and the growth of the state from the French Revolution to the end of the Second World War. We examine the phenomenon of war in its broader socio-economic context, focusing on nationalism, bureaucratization, industrialization and democratization. We will go into some detail on the two major conflicts of the twentieth century, the First and Second World Wars. Students are required to do all the reading. Every student will make a presentation in class on the readings for one class (25% of the grade), and there will be one big final (75%).

• PSC 480 Scope of Political Science

  Typically offered every year
  The aim of the seminar is to encourage students to examine political science in a reflective, disciplined, critical way. It is primarily designed for entering Ph.D. students, but may be appropriate for undergraduate seniors considering graduate work in political science. We use basic concepts in the philosophy of science to explore a range of specific examples of research in the discipline with the aim of discerning more clearly what it means to say that social and political inquiry is scientific.

• PSC 482 Art and Politics

  Typically offered rarely
  This course on the interactions between art and politics in the twentieth century will be conducted as an intensive and advanced seminar. Drawing on art history, literature and political theory, we will explore the ways that politics and the practices of artistic representation intersect. Much of the course will treat questions of race and identity. Our focus will primarily include French and American examples, including but not limited to the representation and theorization of torture, forced migration, lynching, globalization and racial categories. Students will be expected to look at art, read poetry and literary texts, analyze and understand political theory and participate in a series of speakers and symposia outside of the class. This course has been designed for students from across the humanities and the social sciences.

• PSC 484 Democratic Theory

  Typically offered rarely
  This advanced course in political theory focuses on various topics in democratic theory such as the relation between democracy and other basic political principles (liberty, equality, justice), whether democratic institutions should best be aggregative or deliberative, and the role of referenda, lotteries and new telecommunications technology in democratic decision-making. Readings are drawn from both advocates and critics of democratic politics and will encompass historical and contemporary theorists. The class format will combine lecture and discussion.

• PSC 487 Theories of Political Economy

  Typically offered
  In recent decades a number of important intellectual intersections have emerged between political science and economics. The course will explore these intersections as they appear in the work of several scholars who have won the Nobel Prize in economics. Our aim is to explore the analytical, explanatory and normative implications of this work in hopes of discerning lessons for thinking about enduring political issues and institutions. Some prior course work in economics or political science will be helpful but is not required.

• PSC 502 Political Networks

  Typically offered
  

• PSC 503 Formal Modeling in Comparative Politics

  Typically offered rarely
  Comparative politics is concerned with a variety of questions. For example: What are the consequences of different political institutions on various outcomes? What are the causes and motivations for mass political movements, and what is the mechanism by which they are organized? What are the political causes of underdevelopment? How are identities created, and what role do they play in politics? Why are redistribution and the size of government greater in some countries than others? And many other questions can be addressed using formal models. This course is designed to provide students with the skills to develop their own models for answering these and related questions. We will begin with a brief review of established modeling techniques. Then, we will study particular models that have been developed by the previous literature in comparative political economy. We will conclude by discussing new modeling techniques and their relevance for comparative politics.

• PSC 504 Causal Inference

  Typically offered every year
  Substantive questions in empirical social science research are often causal. Does voter outreach increase turnout? Do political institutions affect economic development? Are job training programs effective? This class will introduce students to both the theory and the practice behind making these kinds of causal inferences. We will cover causal identification, potential outcomes, experiments, matching, regression, difference-in-differences, instrumental variables estimation, regression discontinuity designs, sensitivity analysis, dynamic causal inference, and more. The course will draw upon examples from political science, economics, sociology, public health, and public policy.

• PSC 505 Maximum Likelihood Estimation

  Typically offered every year
  The classical linear regression model is inappropriate for many of the most interesting problems in political science. This course builds upon the analytical foundations of PSC 404 and 405, taking the latter's emphasis on the classical linear model as its point of departure. Here students will learn methods to analyze models and data for event counts, durations, censoring, truncation, selection, multinomial ordered/unordered categories, strategic choices, spatial voting models, and time series. A major goal of the course will be to teach students how to develop new models and techniques for analyzing issues they encounter in their own research.

• PSC 506 Advanced Topics in Methods

  Typically offered every other year
  This course is designed for graduate students intending to pursue political methodology as a major field. It covers advanced statistical methods that are not yet standard fare in political methodology courses: e.g., semiparametric methods, nonparametric regression, time-series econometrics, Bayesian methods, and ideal point estimation. Course content will vary year to year, and this semester will focus more heavily on Bayesian methods, simulation-based estimation, and ideal point estimation. As a research workshop, this course also allows students to pursue areas of individual interest in more depth, and therefore course content is determined based on the interests of both the professor and the students. Prerequisites: PSC 404, PSC 405, and PSC 505.

• PSC 507 Computational Methods

  Typically offered every other year
  An introduction to computational methods with particular emphasis on applying these techniques in methods and formal theory. Being on the cutting edge of political methodology and formal theory increasingly requires detailed knowledge of computational techniques. We will cover such topics as numerical differentiation and integration, simulation methods, numerical linear algebra, numerical optimization, computation of equilibria, and various other topics. Each of these techniques will be applied to a number of core applications: Bayesian estimation, estimation using the Simulated Method of Moments, nonparametric estimation, multiplayer games, dynamic optimization problems, and structural estimation.

• PSC 508 Estimating Games and Testing Formal Models

  Typically offered
  Scholars of political science, economics, and business are increasingly interested in the empirical analysis and/or testing of formal models. This course will survey a wide range of methodological issues at the intersection of formal models and empirical analysis, ranging from broad epistemological questions (e.g., What is the empirical content of a formal model? What does it mean to "test" a formal model?) to working through advanced statistical techniques. Topics may include: experiments vs field data, case studies as evidence or illustration, comparative statics and partial tests of formal models, structural estimation, econometrics of auctions, strategic discrete choice models, ultimatum games, dynamic games, and multiple equilibria. PREREQUISITES: Students must have taken the equivalent of PSC 404, 405, 505, have some familiarity with nonparametric and semiparametric methods, and have taken a graduate course in noncooperative game theory.

• PSC 509 Advanced Topics in Methods II

  Typically offered rarely
  This course is designed for graduate students intending to pursue political methodology as a major field. It covers advanced statistical methods that are not yet standard fare in political methodology courses. Course content will vary year to year, and this semester will focus more heavily on nonparametric methods, the bootstrap, computational methods, and estimating structural models. As a research workshop, this course also allows students to pursue areas of individual interest in more depth, and therefore course content is determined based on the interests of both the professor and the students. Prerequisites: PSC 404, PSC 405, and PSC 505.

• PSC 510 Political Parties and Elections

  Typically offered rarely
  Why did parties emerge? How have political parties changed? Is politics today more candidate-centered than party-centered? If so, so what? If parties are losing their grip on the loyalties of the voters, why are parties growing stronger and more meaningful as organizations and in Congress? Is democracy workable without political parties? This is a reading course addressing these and related questions. Undergraduates wishing to take this course must discuss their interest with the instructor and secure his permission prior to registering. This course may be taken for upper level writing credit.

• PSC 511 Public Opinion and Electoral Behavior

  Typically offered rarely
  This is a reading, discussion, and research seminar that will introduce you to the literature on political participation, voting behavior, and related aspects of public opinion. There is an enormous literature in this field, and it is growing all of the time. Nonetheless, at the end of this course, you will have an excellent foundation in the field. I include a few classic readings, but most are contemporary works that represent the latest theories and empirical work as well as suggest new directions for study. Where appropriate, the material deals with public opinion more broadly and with institutional factors that influence voting behavior. At times I bring in appropriate comparative studies, though most of the work is on the U.S. You should finish the course with a comprehensive understanding of past public opinion and voting behavior research and a good idea of the directions in which that research is now moving.

• PSC 512 Voting and Elections

  Typically offered every other year
  This is a reading, discussion, and research seminar that will introduce you to the literature on voting, candidates, and elections, both generally and as it relates to legislatures in particular. There is an enormous literature in this field, and it is growing all of the time. Nonetheless, at the end of this course, you will have an excellent foundation. We include a few classic readings, but most are contemporary works that represent the latest theories and empirical work as well as suggesting new directions for study. Where appropriate, the material deals with public opinion more broadly and with institutional factors that influence elections. You should finish the course with a comprehensive understanding of past research and a good idea of the directions in which that research is now moving.

• PSC 513 Interest Groups

  Typically offered occasionally
  This course principally introduces students to the political science and political economy literatures on interest groups, with a special focus on how these groups operate in the context of American politics (however, contrast with other advanced and the European Union are included). This will include developing an understanding of the makeup of the group system, the contribution decision, the internal politics of organizations, and the role that groups play with respect to formal political institutions.

• PSC 516 Political Participation

  Typically offered rarely
  This seminar examines the scope, modes, and theoretical perspectives on political participation in the United States. We consider demographic and socio-economic theories on political participation (race, class, and gender) as well as how social context and rational decision-making influence individuals\' decisions to participate in the political process. Students are required to write weekly summary papers and write a research paper.

• PSC 518 Emergence of the Modern Congress

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  Through intensive reading and discussion, we will analyze major issues in congressional history and legislative institutions. We will examine the basic institutions of the House and Senate--committees, parties, leaders, and rules. We will also examine the development of careerism, the seniority system, agenda-setting, electoral concerns, the relationship between Congress and the president, divided government, and efforts at institutional reform. The course is designed to introduce students to the principal approaches used by political scientists to study Congress, with special emphasis on the development of congressional institutions over time. This is an advanced seminar, primarily for graduate students but open also to juniors and seniors with substantial background in political science, economics, and history.

• PSC 519 American Legislative Institutions

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  The United States Congress has always dominated the modern study of legislatures. In recent years, however, legislative scholars have paid increasing attention to the value of comparative studies. American state legislatures, in particular, offer a rich field for examining the impact (and origins) of institutional differences. In this course, we will look side-by-side at the U.S. House, the U.S. Senate, and the 99 state legislative chambers. We will consider the major institutions within a legislative chamber, including the role of committees, leaders, parties, and rules in legislative organization. But, taking advantage of this comparative approach, we will also gain insight into the effects of term limits, bicameralism, party competition, seniority systems, professionalization, careerism, ideological heterogenity, money in politics, and links between campaigns and governance. This is an advanced seminar, designed for graduate students, but open to qualified undergraduates with permission of the instructors.

• PSC 523 American Politics Field Seminar

  Typically offered every other year
  This seminar will introduce you to classic as well as contemporary research in American politics. We will discuss the literature both in political institutions (e.g., Congress) and in political behavior (e.g., voting). By covering an array of topics in these areas, the course will provide a foundation for developing a comprehensive understanding of the field and the various directions in which it is now moving.

• PSC 525 Race and Political Representation

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  The course introduces democratic theory, the civil rights movement, the Voting Rights Act, African-American public opinion and electoral behavior, and the effect of electoral rules and districting decisions on representation.

• PSC 530 Urban Change and City Politics

  Typically offered rarely
  Through intensive reading and discussion, we examine the politics and history of American cities. The course emphasizes the ways in which ethnicity, race, and class shape battles over housing, neighborhoods, workplaces, schools, and governmental institutions. We examine the relationship between urban neighborhoods and suburbs, the sources of inner-city poverty and residential segregation, city services, economic constraints, and the nature of political alliances. In exploring these topics, we analyze how institutions--governments, party organizations, reform movements, churches and synagogues, city charters--shape the decisions that urban residents can make

• PSC 535 Bureaucratic Politics

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course will survey recent research on the politics of bureaucracy. We will begin with a study of why and when elected politicians create bureaucracies and delegate authority to them. We will then study a series of topics regarding the operation and design of existing bureaucracies. Depending on the interest of students, topics may include: oversight and control of bureaucracies by elected politicians; bureaucratic capacity and performance; the political economy of regulatory bureaucracies; "red tape" and corruption; judicial control of bureaucracy; institutions and practices for the staffing of bureaucracies (e.g. patronage systems); advisory bureaucracies and bureaucratic expertise in policymaking; and military and intelligence bureaucracies. The course will draw heavily, but not exclusively, on formal theories and statistical evidence. Prerequisite: permission of the instructor, or at least one course in Techniques of Analysis at the 200 level or above and one course in Positive Theory at the 200 level or above.

• PSC 536 Corporate Political Strategy

  Typically offered
  

• PSC 540 Models in American Politics: Theory & Data

  Typically offered
  In recent years there has been an upsurge in American politics research that combines formal modeling and data analysis. In this seminar we will critically examine the strengths and weaknesses of the approach and explore some of the major contributions to this literature. Topics will include committee composition, party power, interbranch bargaining, lobbying, and the role of rules.

• PSC 545 Judicial Politics

  Typically offered
  

• PSC 550 Comparative Politics Field Seminar

  Typically offered every other year
  This course provides general conceptual background and an introduction to some major works in the comparative field and subfields. Comparative politics is a field that attempts to develop and test theories that can be used to explain political events and patterns across political systems, especially nation-states. Topics include political culture, development and democratization, political regimes, violence and revolution, elections, social movements, parties, coalitions, institutions, and comparative public policy. The works are discussed and compared both in terms of the major substantive arguments and the methodological approaches taken to enhance the credibility of the arguments. The reading load is heavy and students are expected to write a number of short papers, which are presented in class, as well a midterm and one longer analytic essay.

• PSC 551 Western European Politics

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This is a graduate-level seminar on the domestic institutions and political processes defining Western Europe since 1945. Several countries, including Britain, France and Germany, will be examined in the context of comparative themes. These topics include political parties, interest groups, and changing patterns of interest articulation and representation; the politics of federalism and regionalism; governmental and electoral types; concepts of race, ethnicity and citizenship; and the Europeanization of domestic politics.

• PSC 553 Ethnic Politics

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  What motivates the adoption of or identification with one ethnic group over another? How does ethnic identity shape an individual\'s political decisions or outcomes such as public goods provision, economic growth, and political violence? This course explores the growing literature on ethnic politics in the comparative politics and international relations sub-fields. We consider multiple methodological approaches to these questions and explore the dynamics of ethnic identity formation, ethnic-based political behavior, and ethnic cooperation and conflict in a range of empirical contexts.

• PSC 555 Democratic Processes

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course is a graduate seminar, involving collective discussion of core readings and student presentations on special topics and specific countries. The comparative democratic political processes subfield focuses on the process of choosing political leaders and making political decisions in the context of competitive elections and relative freedom of political action. We begin by discussing the empirical meaning of contemporary democracies, the nature of democratic transitions, and the effect of social and economic context. We then take quick looks at differing citizen values, constitutional rules, and the comparative study of citizens' attitudes and behavior. The second half of the course focuses on groups and, especially, political parties: competition, organization, coalitions, legislative and executive behavior, connections between citizens and policy makers. Although for graduate students the course fulfills requirements for the democratic political processes subfield in comparative politics, no specific background is assumed and the course is appropriate for any graduate student.

• PSC 556 Political Economy of Reform

  Typically offered every other year
  Contemporary theory in political science and economics increasingly emphasizes the role of institutions. In Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, meanwhile, institutions have seen an unprecedented degree of experimentation, reform and variation since 1989. This course will integrate recent theoretical developments with contemporary case studies. Emphasis will be on the political and economic consequences of the choice of institutions, and the politics of institutional design. The course will focus on five topics: central planning, simultaneous political and economic transitions, macroeconomic stabilization, privatization and property rights, and the politics of regulation.

• PSC 558 Comparative Parties and Elections

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  How and why do political parties emerge? What are the causes and consequences of adopting different electoral rules? Under what conditions do voters behave strategically? This course examines the growing literature on parties, electoral systems, and voting in comparative politics. We consider multiple methodological approaches to these questions and explore the dynamics of voting, elections, and party competition in a range of empirical contexts.

• PSC 561 Latin American Politics

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This seminar focuses on key questions facing scholars of contemporary Latin American politics: Under what conditions do democratic regimes emerge and endure? Under what conditions are politicians responsive to citizens? Does the choice of political institutions matter? What factors affect institutional instability and weakness? The first part of the seminar considers a variety of approaches to regime transition, including explanations based on class, culture, and individual preferences. The second part of the course begins with an analysis of the quality of democracy and representation in Latin America. To evaluate the impact of specific institutions on democracy, the course considers the advantages and drawbacks of presidential democracy. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding variation in inter-branch relations over time and across countries. The course concludes with a survey of emerging research on timely topics including indigenous movements, corruption, and institutional instability.

• PSC 564 Comparative Political Economy

  Typically offered every other year
  This graduate seminar offers a broad survey of research in comparative political economy. More specifically, we will study how various political institutions, processes, and events affect economic policy and outcomes as well as the converse, how economic performance and interests influence the development of institutions and political outcomes. The primary goal of this course is to help students identify research opportunities in the literature. Accordingly, emphasis will be placed on the generation of research proposals that reflect a sound understanding of the state of the field. Students will be evaluated on short assignments, participation, presentations, and a final research proposal.

• PSC 565 Comparative Political Economy of Development

  Typically offered every year
  This course surveys selected topics in the extensive literature on political and economic development. We will focus on differences in formal and informal institutions across countries. Topics will include the determinants of economic growth, the modernization hypothesis, distributional conflict, government corruption, the success and failure of states to deliver of public goods, among others.

• PSC 568 International Organization

  Typically offered every other year
  This is an advanced course intended for Ph.D. students. The course surveys theories of international organization, the development of formal and informal international institutions, and important recent contributions to research in the field. Course requirements include a research paper and a final exam.

• PSC 570 Civil Order and Civil Violence

  Typically offered every other year
  The course will cover theoretical and empirical scholarship on how political order is maintained and how it breaks down. Four literatures will be covered: canonical theories of social order and change; the origins and nature of the state; revolution; and civil war. Evaluation will be based on class participation and multiple, short writing assignments over the course of the semester. Graduate students in political science may count this course toward the international relations or comparative politics subfield.

• PSC 571 Quantitative Approaches to International Politics

  Typically offered every other year
  This course examines statistical issues relevant to the study of international politics. We will consider issues such as strategic decision making, geographic interdependence, temporal dynamics, and the operationalization of major concepts, such as power. Of particular interest will be the use and limitations of dyadic data and cross-sectional time series data. Prerequisites: PSC 505 and PSC 572 (or similar course) required; PSC 506 recommended.

• PSC 572 International Politics Field Seminar

  Typically offered every other year
  An advanced course intended to prepare Ph.D. students for comprehensive exams in international relations. The course conducts a broad survey of influential works in the field and of current research into the causes of international conflict and cooperation. Extraordinarily well-prepared undergraduates may be admitted.

• PSC 573 Territory and Group Conflict

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This graduate seminar examines a long neglected topic: the role of territory in group politics. The goal is to build a basic understanding of why, when, how and which territory becomes contested. We will read from a broad range of disciplines. Each student is expected to write two short papers for two different sessions, which are not to exceed 1500 words. Each paper should provide an independent commentary of you own on some aspect of that week's readings. These papers form the background against which we will discuss the readings in class. In addition, each student is required to write a 20-25 page research paper, which focuses in depth on one of the discussed emerging research agendas. As in other graduate seminars, the course will be conducted almost exclusively through discussion. Hence it is crucial that students do the reading in advance, to set aside time to reflect on the readings, and to prepare comments and questions.

• PSC 574 International Political Economy

  Typically offered every other year
  This seminar treats in detail at an advanced level key issues in the study of international political economy. Students should be prepared for very considerable responsibilities of critical reading and preparation for informed participation in discussion. Topics examined include the following: paradigmatic debates, hegemonic stability and international institutions, linkage strategies and economic sanctions, classes and coalitions, domestic institutions, bilateralism and multilateralism, credibility and macroeconomic coordination, international debt, international environmental policy, and the collapse of the Soviet bloc.

• PSC 575 Political Economy I

  Typically offered every year
  

• PSC 576 Modeling International Conflict

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course is intended for advanced graduate students interested in formal and quantitative analysis of international conflict. It pulls together various techniques for such analysis and applies those techniques in a systematic manner to issues in international conflict. Particular attention will be paid to formalizing theories of conflict and then testing those theories with statistical models derived from the formalizations. The goal will be for students to (1) derive or prove results presented by the various authors, (2) identify contributions made by the authors, and (3) identify ways to improve upon the research. Because the course involves the application of game-theoretic and statistical techniques, students must have completed graduate courses in (1) mathematical statistics, (2) introductory econometrics, and (3) introductory game theory.

• PSC 577 Theories of Conflict

  Typically offered every other year
  This course examines the literature on conflict that has developed in the last decade. We will examine recent formal literature as well as the latest substantive (non-formal) literature on conflict. The course will help graduate students identify the broad direction of international conflict studies and will also permit graduate students to pursue topics or ideas of their own interest. To that end, we set aside two classes for "model building sessions" where students can explore approaches to formalize some of the ideas in the substantive literature, or explore extensions of the current formal literature. Students should have taken or be concurrently taking PSC 584 or have an equivalent knowledge of complete and incomplete information game theory.

• PSC 578 International Conflict: Theory and History

  Typically offered every other year
  This is a course intended to provide graduate students with a survey of the history of international conflict, focusing on European and U.S. diplomatic history from 1763 to 1989.

• PSC 579 Politics of International Finance

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  This course surveys the politics of international movements of capital, focusing on money as a power resource, the evolution of international cooperation in monetary policy, international financial institutions, and the domestic politics of macroeconomic adjustment.

• PSC 580 Political Economy of Development

  Typically offered every other year
  This course reviews recent advances in nondemocratic politics and the political economy of developing countries. We will tackle such issues as the economic foundations of democratic transitions and the economic impact of power struggles in dictatorships. The course combines the use of formal models with case studies and econometrics.

• PSC 581 Philosophical Foundations of Political Science

  Typically offered every year
  This seminar addresses different topics in different years. This year (2007) the broad focus is on the role of vision and representation in politics. We will start be reading the debate between John Dewey and Walter Lippmann in order to identify why vision and representation are central to democratic politics. We then will explore a wide variety of efforts to represent broadly political phenomena and events such as famine, epidemics, torture, migration and so forth across a broad spectrum of media. The aim of our explorations will be to cultivate a broadly instrumental view of how vision and representation figure in the "art" of politics.

• PSC 582 Political Economy II

  Typically offered every other year
  This course reviews recent advances in nondemocratic politics and the political economy of developing countries. We will tackle such issues as the economic foundations of democratic transitions and the economic impact of power struggles in dictatorships. The course combines the use of formal models with case studies and econometrics. Political economy is a broad field that sits at the boundaries of political science and economics and that emphasizes the interplay of political and economic forces in shaping distribution and efficiency in societies. Rather than offer a survey of the diverse literature that spans this research area, we shall focus in this seminar on contributions that emphasize political/distributional aspects and the origins and role of institutions. Our maintained assumption is that agents are optimizers of some sophistication and behave in order to have their preferences prevail, possibly at the cost of efficiency. The question of multi-agent bargaining will be covered in some generality. Subsequently, we will consider applications to parliamentary government; endogenous legislative organization (rules of procedure, seniority, committees); debate and information; lobbying; political parties; courts; bureaucracy; formation and breakup of nation-state; federalism; etc. Emphasis on particular topics may vary with the configuration of class interests. Research directions will be discussed.

• PSC 583 Culture and Politics

  Typically offered rarely
  Social scientists often claim that there is an intimate relationship between culture and politics. They, unfortunately, have made scant progress in elaborating the theoretical resources needed to analyze that relationship. This has led several observers to conclude that the "systemic study of politics and culture is moribund". Our aim in this seminar is to remedy this sorry state. More specifically, we will try to identify the theoretical resources that might allow more cogent analyses of the relation between culture and politics. In the process we will range across disciplines, with readings drawn from anthropology, economics, history, philosophy, political science and sociology. The course is run as a seminar, which means that all students must participate actively.

• PSC 584 Game Theory

  Typically offered every year
  This course is the third semester of the formal theory sequence for graduate students. It focuses on teaching students more sophisticated tools for modeling more complex games. Specifically, the course concentrates on games of incomplete information such as signaling games and communication games and develops analytical tools such as Bayesian-Nash equilibrium, perfect Bayesian equilibrium, and equilibrium refinements. The course also covers repeated games, bargaining games and equilibrium existence in a rigorous fashion. The prerequisites for the course are PSC 407 and 408, or an equivalent background in complete information game theory. Grading is based on homework assignments and a midterm and final exam.

• PSC 585 Dynamic Models: Structure, Computation and Estimation

  Typically offered every other year
  Dynamic considerations are becoming increasingly important in the study of such political processes as stability of international systems, the conduct of war, legislative policy making, regime change, and the impact of political variables on economic growth and industry dynamics. We provide theoretical and computational tools for the study of such applications. The course covers the basics of dynamic programming and general dynamic games and the main results on Markov chains. The main focus is the study of stochastic games with an emphasis on numerical analysis of simple (i.e., finite) models illustrated in a number of applications. The goal of the course is to equip graduate students with analytical and numerical tools that can be used in their future research on applied topics. Some familiarity with a programming language (such as Matlab or R) is a plus, but the dedicated student should be able to acquire basic programming skills needed for the course.

• PSC 586 Voting and Elections

  Typically offered every 2-3 years
  We will take up several foundational topics in theoretical political economy. We begin with the analysis of fundamental concepts used throughout the course: binary relations, preferences, and choice. We then study social choice theory, where we view collective decisions as arising from a social preference relations determined in some arbitrary way by the preferences of individuals. We will prove Arrow's impossibility theorem and others, which inform us of inherent limitations on the rationality of collective decisions. We then change perspective, viewing collective decision as outcomes of a game played by individual decision-makers. We will consider game-theoretic models of static elections, sequential voting, bargaining, and repeated elections, with a special focus on connections to social choice.

• PSC 588 Bargaining Theory and Applications

  Typically offered
  This seminar focuses on the theory of non-cooperative bargaining and its applications in the study of political institutions. Our maintained assumption is that agents are optimizers of some sophistication and behave in order to have their preferences prevail, possibly at the cost of efficiency. The theory of multi-agent bargaining will be covered in depth. Areas of application include parliamentary government formation; endogenous legislative organization (rules of procedure, seniority, committees); debate and information; lobbying; political parties; courts; bureaucracy; formation and breakup of nation-state; federalism; etc. Emphasis on particular topics may vary with the configuration of class interests. Research directions will be discussed.

• PSC 589 Social Choice, Bargaining and Elections

  Typically offered every year
  The course covers the primary results in preference aggregation and applies them to models of elections and policy-making. The focus of the course is especially on dynamic models of politics. We begin by studying Arrow's theorem and majority voting, we review the workhorse models of elections in the political economy literature, and we use these models to study taxation and inequality, interest groups and lobbying, etc. In the second part of the course, we extend the analysis to repeated elections and electoral accountability. We cover the literature on political agency with moral hazard and adverse selection. The course will consist of a mix of lectures, discussion, and student presentation of assigned readings.

• About Us
  • Letter from the Chair
  • History and Mission
  • Related Centers and Departments
  • Contact Information
  • Campus Map
• People
  • Faculty
  • Staff and Administration
  • Current PhD Students
  • PhD Alumni
  • Visitors, Post-Docs, and Fellows
  • Hire a Rochester PhD!
• Undergraduate Program
  • Undergraduate News and Events
  • Major in Political Science
  • Major in International Relations
  • Honors Program
  • IR Major Checklist
  • Minors, Clusters, and Certificates
  • Internships
  • Undergraduate Research
  • Advising Information
  • Political Science Courses by Field
  • Tracks in International Relations
  • Admissions
  • Careers
• Graduate Program
  • Introduction to Program
  • Degree Requirements
  • Hire a Rochester PhD!
  • Current PhD Students
  • PhD Alumni
  • Admissions
• Courses
  • Course Search
  • Spring 2013
  • Summer 2013
  • Fall 2013
  • Spring 2014
  • Course Descriptions
  • Political Science Courses by Field
  • Tracks in International Relations
• News & Events
  • Calendar
  • Undergraduate News and Events
  • Recent Books and Awards
  • Recent Faculty Articles
  • Riker Prize
  • American Politics Working Group
  • Comparative Politics Workshop
  • Star Lab/Cutler Methods Series
  • Wallis Seminar Series
  • Wallis Working Group
  • Watson Seminar Series
• Research Links
  • Related Centers and Departments
  • Data
  • Journals
  • Newspapers
  • Rush Rhees Library
  • Field Research Grants
  • Sources for Research
  • Professional Associations

© 1998 – 2013 Department of Political Science
University of Rochester