{"id":163572,"date":"2016-06-10T12:27:44","date_gmt":"2016-06-10T16:27:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=163572"},"modified":"2016-10-13T14:26:18","modified_gmt":"2016-10-13T18:26:18","slug":"catching-some-gamma-rays-in-central-mexico-163572","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/catching-some-gamma-rays-in-central-mexico-163572\/","title":{"rendered":"Catching some gamma rays in central Mexico"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Three hundred giant tanks, each\u00a0holding more than 50,000 gallons\u00a0of purified water, perch on\u00a0the side of the Sierra Negra volcano\u00a0in central Mexico, standing\u00a013,500 feet above sea level. Four\u00a0photosensors lie at the bottom of\u00a0each tank.<\/p>\n<p>The array of tanks is part of\u00a0the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov\u00a0Gamma-Ray Observatory, or\u00a0HAWC, a joint project of Mexico\u00a0and the United States. While\u00a0the technology is comparatively\u00a0simple, the project is ambitious:\u00a0observing gamma and cosmic\u00a0rays, and contributing to the\u00a0search for dark matter.<\/p>\n<p>Segev BenZvi, an assistant\u00a0professor of physics, and fellow\u00a0scientists are looking for very\u00a0energetic gamma rays and\u00a0cosmic rays that enter Earth\u2019s\u00a0atmosphere. When the high-energy\u00a0rays interact, they create\u00a0a \u201cparticle cascade\u201d\u2014a shower of\u00a0high-energy particles\u2014that falls\u00a0to Earth.<br \/>\n<strong>%CODEhawcsvg%<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h3>Tanks and Pancakes<\/h3>\n<p>A simple but groundbreaking observatory in central Mexico is shedding new light on the workings of cosmic and gamma rays in Earth\u2019s atmosphere. Formally opened a year ago, the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Gamma Ray Observatory will be used by scientists to gather information on high-energy particle acceleration for 10 years. The observatory is perched on the side of the Sierra Negra\u00a0volcano, almost 14,000 feet above sea level. Segev BenZvi, an assistant professor of physics, helped to create the observatory and is part of the team now carrying out research there.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>BenZvi and colleagues on the\u00a0project are studying extremely\u00a0high-energy particle acceleration,\u00a0from supernova remnants,\u00a0black holes, neutron stars, and\u00a0pulsars\u2014\u201cobjects with very, very\u00a0large amounts of energy, some\u00a0of which is being dumped into\u00a0accelerating charged particles\u00a0out in space,\u201d he says. When they\u00a0interact, they produce gamma\u00a0rays and cosmic rays.<\/p>\n<p>HAWC is a \u201cscaled-up\u201d version\u00a0of a classic physics student\u00a0experiment, he says, that uses a\u00a0water tank in the lab to measure\u00a0for muons\u2014heavy, unstable\u00a0versions of electrons that are the\u00a0ground-level remnants of particle\u00a0cascades.<\/p>\n<p>But the project is innovative\u00a0in three ways: its high-altitude\u00a0location brings better sensitivity to the particles, which get\u00a0absorbed by the atmosphere\u00a0as they descend; its \u201coptically\u00a0isolated, densely packed\u201d tanks;\u00a0and the algorithms that let the\u00a0scientists make use of the data\u00a0they assemble.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pas.rochester.edu\/people\/faculty\/BenZvi_Segev\/index.html\">Learn more about Segev BenZvi&#8217;s work<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hawc-observatory.org\/\"><strong>Learn more about the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov\u00a0Gamma-Ray Observatory\u00a0<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Construction of the observatory\u00a0began in 2011 at a site in the\u00a0Parque Nacional Pico de Orizaba,\u00a0a national park and home to\u00a0the dormant volcano Pico de\u00a0Orizaba, Mexico\u2019s highest peak.\u00a0HAWC was formally opened last\u00a0spring. When the experiments\u00a0are complete, in about 10 years,\u00a0the scientists will restore the\u00a0area to as close to its original\u00a0condition as they can. The park is\u00a0a \u201ccloud forest,\u201d with one of the\u00a0highest tree lines in the world. An environmentally sensitive site,\u00a0the forest affects cloud formation\u00a0and rainfall in areas south\u00a0and west of the park. No trees\u00a0were removed in creating the\u00a0observatory.<\/p>\n<p>The high-altitude location\u00a0poses minor challenges for\u00a0researchers, like shortness of\u00a0breath, says BenZvi. \u201cAnd shortness\u00a0of temper, believe it or\u00a0not,\u201d he says. \u201cYou just get really\u00a0irritated. Your thinking isn\u2019t very\u00a0clear. I find that I get bad at doing\u00a0basic arithmetic in my head when\u00a0I\u2019m up there.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The enormous tanks\u201423 feet\u00a0wide and more than 16 feet\u00a0high\u2014are the same kind of tanks\u00a0used by Midwestern farmers to\u00a0irrigate their fields. A military\u00a0contractor who manufactures\u00a0\u201clight-tight\u201d tents for soldiers in\u00a0hostile territory makes the tanks\u2019\u00a0hemispherical domes.<\/p>\n<p>Local workers assembled the\u00a0tank array, and then made 4,000\u00a0trips by truck up and down the\u00a0mountain to haul the water to\u00a0fill them\u2014a volume of 55 million\u00a0liters, or the equivalent of a soda\u00a0can\u2019s worth of water for each\u00a0person living in Mexico.<\/p>\n<p>The tanks sample the air\u00a0shower particles at ground level.\u00a0There are about 100 million particles\u00a0in a cascade at its peak. The\u00a0number of particles decreases as\u00a0the cascade descends.\u00a0\u201cIt\u2019s like a pancake of highenergy\u00a0particles that moves\u00a0toward the ground,\u201d BenZvi says. When the particles hit the\u00a0ground, they move through the\u00a0tanks\u2014and when high-energy\u00a0particles move through water,\u00a0they produce ultraviolet light,\u00a0known as the Cherenkov effect.\u00a0The photosensors in the tank\u00a0record the ultraviolet light. And\u00a0from the pattern of times that\u00a0the sensors in each tank are triggered,\u00a0scientists can reconstruct\u00a0the direction of the particle\u00a0pancake.<\/p>\n<p>The data they collect may also\u00a0shed some light, as it were, on\u00a0dark matter.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_163632\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-163632\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-163632 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/waterTankCutaway-630x630.png\" alt=\"illustration showing the cutaway view of the inside of a water tank, with the particle path seen bouncing off the photosensors\" width=\"630\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/waterTankCutaway-630x630.png 630w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/waterTankCutaway-768x769.png 768w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/waterTankCutaway-32x32.png 32w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/waterTankCutaway-50x50.png 50w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/waterTankCutaway-64x64.png 64w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/waterTankCutaway-96x96.png 96w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/waterTankCutaway-128x128.png 128w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/waterTankCutaway.png 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-163632\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<h2>Cherenkov Effect<\/h2>\n<p> When particles reach the ground, they move through the water tanks, producing ultraviolet light, in a process known as the Cherenkov effect. Photosensors in each tank record the light. By studying when the sensors are triggered, researchers can deduce information about the air shower of particles.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cThere is very strong evidence,\u00a0from all kinds of measurements\u00a0in astrophysics, that there is\u00a0something called dark matter,\u201d\u00a0BenZvi says. \u201cBut it\u2019s not clear\u00a0what it is. We think it\u2019s a fundamental<br \/>\nparticle or particles.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But scientists don\u2019t know how\u00a0massive it is or what its interactions\u00a0are. \u201cSo it\u2019s entirely possible\u00a0that some of the gamma rays\u00a0and cosmic rays that we see are\u00a0actually not produced by neutron\u00a0stars and supernovae and\u00a0things like that\u2014they\u2019re actually\u00a0produced when clumps of dark\u00a0matter interact and decay. That\u2019s\u00a0the idea,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>When anomalies are found\u00a0in astrophysical data, scientists\u00a0consider whether the source of\u00a0the anomaly is a mistake in their\u00a0model or the influence of dark\u00a0matter.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAnd that\u2019s kind of the name\u00a0of the game,\u201d says BenZvi. \u201cIt\u2019s a\u00a0tough game, as you can imagine.\u00a0It\u2019s sort of like the joke about\u00a0\u2018unknown unknowns\u2019\u2014you don\u2019t\u00a0know what you\u2019re not modeling.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Telescopes offer another way\u00a0to measure gamma rays. But\u00a0they have a narrow field of view,\u00a0taking in only a few degrees of\u00a0the sky at a time. HAWC records\u00a0information from two-thirds of\u00a0the sky every 24 hours.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOver the course of one day,\u00a0we can see essentially the entire\u00a0northern hemisphere,\u201d says\u00a0BenZvi, noting that the methods\u00a0are complementary. \u201cWe\u2019ve made\u00a0the bet on more coverage, less\u00a0sensitivity; they make the bet on\u00a0more sensitivity, less coverage. If\u00a0you have both types of instruments\u00a0running, you can look for\u00a0unexpected stuff with HAWC\u2014we\u00a0communicate with those guys\u00a0through back channels: \u2018Hey, we\u00a0see something interesting. Point\u00a0your telescope there.\u2019 And that\u2019s\u00a0how a lot of the field works.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Scientists are now processing\u00a0their first year\u2019s worth of data\u00a0from HAWC, which they began\u00a0to make public this spring. And\u00a0they are expanding the array with\u00a0some additional tanks\u2014just a\u00a0few, which will bring with them a\u00a0four-fold increase in sensitivity.<\/p>\n<p>And there is talk of creating a\u00a0second observatory, possibly in\u00a0Chile. The southern hemisphere\u00a0provides the best vantage point\u00a0for observing the center of the\u00a0galaxy\u2014and it\u2019s \u201ca very strong\u00a0candidate for observing dark\u00a0matter, because we believe\u00a0there\u2019s a super-massive black\u00a0hole in the center of the galaxy,\u00a0and so there should be a gravitational\u00a0well there where dark\u00a0matter is concentrated,\u201d says\u00a0BenZvi.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf we have a HAWC in the\u00a0southern hemisphere, literally\u00a0the center of the galaxy will be\u00a0right overhead,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Physicist Segev BenZvi and scientists at an ambitious observatory are using simple but groundbreaking tools understand the workings of cosmic and gamma rays in the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere while also contributing to the search for dark matter.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":752,"featured_media":166432,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[18662,19242,24842,18572,16072,24832],"class_list":["post-163572","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-department-of-physics-and-astronomy","tag-global-engagement","tag-mexico","tag-research-finding","tag-school-of-arts-and-sciences","tag-segev-benzvi"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Catching some gamma rays in central Mexico<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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