{"id":250402,"date":"2017-06-28T10:44:19","date_gmt":"2017-06-28T14:44:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=250402"},"modified":"2017-07-24T15:13:33","modified_gmt":"2017-07-24T19:13:33","slug":"rochester-draft-volunteer-army-250402","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/rochester-draft-volunteer-army-250402\/","title":{"rendered":"Rochester, the draft, and an all-volunteer army"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It was 100 years ago in May, shortly after the United States entered World War I, that President Woodrow Wilson signed the Selective Service Act, authorizing the government to raise an army through conscription. The draft was instrumental in raising troops to fight both world wars, as well as the Korean War. It was generally accepted, too\u2014until the mid-to-late 1960s, at the height of the unpopular Vietnam War.<\/p>\n<p>When President Richard Nixon ended the draft in 1973, he did so with the help of a roster of University of Rochester faculty and administrators.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: none;\" src=\"\/\/html5-player.libsyn.com\/embed\/episode\/id\/5405383\/height\/90\/width\/640\/theme\/custom\/autonext\/no\/thumbnail\/yes\/autoplay\/no\/preload\/no\/no_addthis\/no\/direction\/backward\/render-playlist\/no\/custom-color\/87A93A\/\" width=\"640\" height=\"90\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: .75em;\">LISTEN: This week&#8217;s University of Rochester QuadCast discusses the team of faculty and graduate students who helped end the military draft.<br \/>\n<a href=\"\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Quadcast-Selective-Service-Transcription.pdf\"><strong>Podcast transcript<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In 1969, President Richard Nixon formed the President\u2019s Commission on an All-Volunteer Armed Force and named Thomas Gates, the secretary of defense under former President Dwight Eisenhower, as its chair. There was a notable presence of University of Rochester faculty and administrators either on the commission, or prominent on its staff.\u00a0 Then President W. Allen Wallis, an economist and statistician, was among the 15 members of the commission. William Meckling, dean of the Graduate School of Management (later to become the Simon Business School), served as the executive director of the commission staff, which included Walter Oi, who had joined Rochester\u2019s economics department two years earlier.<\/p>\n<p>And there was Ron Hansen, professor emeritus and former senior associate dean for faculty and research at the Simon Business School, serving as a researcher.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pullquote\">\u201cThis was not an academic exercise on the workings of free markets. Walter really thought the draft was immoral, inequitable, and inefficient.\u201d<\/div>\n<p>Hansen\u2014the only surviving member of this group\u2014was working on his graduate thesis in economics at the University of Chicago when he was invited to join the commission staff. The invitation came from his thesis advisor, Larry Sjaastad, who also served on the staff. It was an invitation that was too good for a graduate student to pass up.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHaving Congress accept an all-volunteer army was going to be a hard sell, since it would require a large increase in the federal budget,\u201d Hansen says. \u201cThat made my work with the commission an exciting opportunity.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The argument that Wallis, Meckling, and Oi helped shape\u2014along with University of Chicago economist Milton Friedman and others\u2014had little to do with the popularity of the draft; it was rooted instead in labor economics.<\/p>\n<p>As Hansen\u2014and many other economists\u2014sees it, a milestone in the movement to end conscription came during a conference on the draft held at the University of Chicago in 1966. That\u2019s when Walter Oi delivered a paper on the budgetary cost of eliminating the draft in favor of an all-volunteer military.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis was not an academic exercise on the workings of free markets,\u201d says his widow, Marjorie Oi. \u201cWalter really thought the draft was immoral, inequitable, and inefficient.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Oi detailed the social and hidden costs of conscription, and argued that a higher salary for enlistees would increase retention, allowing for an overall reduction in total staff due to a reduced need to train personnel.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA poll taken before the conference showed that most attendees favored the draft,\u201d recalls Hansen. \u201cBut the results were flipped in a poll taken after the conference. Oi\u2019s paper made the difference.\u201d<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/w.soundcloud.com\/player\/?url=https%3A\/\/api.soundcloud.com\/tracks\/330381347&amp;color=ff5500&amp;auto_play=false&amp;hide_related=false&amp;show_comments=true&amp;show_user=true&amp;show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: .75em;\">QUADCAST SUPPLEMENTAL: Listen to the full interview with Ronald Hanson.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>When Nixon formed the Gates Commission, Wallis, Meckling, and Oi picked up where Oi\u2019s 1966 paper had left off. The commission cast conscription as a labor issue since it involved raising a military with people\u2014the labor force. \u201cBut the military\u2019s budget was not representative of the true value of its resources,\u201d Hansen explains. &#8220;Some of that value was taken away from individuals when they were drafted.\u201d\u00a0That lost value\u2014not seen on any budget line\u2014amounted to a conscription tax. In effect, they concluded, a person drafted into the military was paying a tax equal to what he (and they were all men at the time) would have received if he volunteered.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSome people in the military at the time had very high wages in civilian life, while others did not. As a result, the tax varied greatly among the personnel,\u201d Hansen says. \u201cMy job was to come up with a distribution that took all of that into account.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Hansen contends that having members of Congress understand the true costs associated with conscription helped convince them to accept the president\u2019s proposal to adopt an all-volunteer military.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_253832\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-253832\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/urochester.libsyn.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-253832\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/quadcast_itunes-630x630.jpg\" alt=\"QuadCast: The University of Rochester's Official Podcast\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/quadcast_itunes-630x630.jpg 630w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/quadcast_itunes-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/quadcast_itunes-32x32.jpg 32w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/quadcast_itunes-50x50.jpg 50w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/quadcast_itunes-64x64.jpg 64w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/quadcast_itunes-96x96.jpg 96w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/quadcast_itunes-128x128.jpg 128w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/quadcast_itunes.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-253832\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">SUBSCRIBE: Find the\u00a0Quadcast on iTunes, Stitcher, or wherever you get your podcasts.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>At the same time, his work on the commission served another, more personal purpose; it brought him to Rochester.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI worked directly with several people from Rochester while doing commission work and developed a great deal of respect for them,\u201d he says. \u201cWhen Meckling asked me a few years later to join the faculty at the business school, I had no hesitations.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Hansen joined the Rochester faculty in 1971 as an assistant professor at the Graduate School of Management, a predecessor of the Simon Business School of Business. He left the University in 1986 to become an associate professor at Ohio State University, only to return to Rochester two years later as the associate dean for academic affairs. He became the senior associate dean for program development and the William H. Meckling Professor of Business Administration in 2009 and retired from the University in September 2016.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI\u2019m satisfied that our work has stood the test of time,\u201d he says of the Gates Commission. \u201cYes, sometimes recruitment goals were missed, but on balance, the personnel objectives of the military have been fulfilled.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>100 years after the Selective Service Act established conscription, we look back on the University faculty and administrators who helped end it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":250942,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[456],"tags":[23322,29502,31262,10406],"class_list":["post-250402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-society-culture","tag-department-of-economics","tag-featured-post-side","tag-quadcast","tag-simon-business-school"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Rochester, the draft, and an all-volunteer army<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"100 years after the Selective Service Act established conscription, we look back on the Rochester faculty and administrators who helped end it.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/rochester-draft-volunteer-army-250402\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Rochester, the draft, and an all-volunteer army\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"100 years after the Selective Service Act established conscription, we look back on the Rochester faculty and administrators who helped end it.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/rochester-draft-volunteer-army-250402\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"News Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-06-28T14:44:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2017-07-24T19:13:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/fea-gatescommissionweb.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Peter Iglinski\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@PiDaddy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Peter Iglinski\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/rochester-draft-volunteer-army-250402\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/rochester-draft-volunteer-army-250402\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Peter Iglinski\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/f7a217a901be900507c6e137448f5d5a\"},\"headline\":\"Rochester, the draft, and an all-volunteer army\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-06-28T14:44:19+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-07-24T19:13:33+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/rochester-draft-volunteer-army-250402\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":953,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/rochester-draft-volunteer-army-250402\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/06\\\/fea-gatescommissionweb.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Department of Economics\",\"featured-post-side\",\"QuadCast\",\"Simon Business School\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Society &amp; 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