{"id":261972,"date":"2017-09-07T09:37:32","date_gmt":"2017-09-07T13:37:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=261972"},"modified":"2022-04-25T21:00:52","modified_gmt":"2022-04-26T01:00:52","slug":"climate-change-aliens-261972","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/climate-change-aliens-261972\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate change for aliens"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In February NASA astronomers discovered\u00ad\u00ad seven Earth-like planets, potentially harboring life, orbiting the star TRAPPIST-1, not too far from Earth.<\/p>\n<p>Scientists have yet to discover life, or evidence of civilizations, on these or other planets. But in the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence, they often categorize hypothetical worlds according to the amount of energy their inhabitants could potentially harness.<\/p>\n<p>They do this using what is known as the Kardashev scale. Named in 1964 for Soviet astronomer Nikolai Kardashev, the scale takes energy use as the key indicator of a civilization\u2019s advancement, and places those hypothetical civilizations in one of three categories:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A Type 1 civilization\u2014still a distant goal for Earth\u2014utilizes all of the energy that reaches its planet from its parent star (in Earth\u2019s case, the Sun).<\/li>\n<li>A Type 2 civilization is capable of using all the energy put out by its star and planetary system.<\/li>\n<li>A super-advanced Type 3 civilization harnesses all the energy of its home galaxy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Kardashev scale has been a gold standard classification system for thinking about \u201cexo-civilizations\u201d for decades. It does not, however, take into account how a civilization in turn affects its planet when it gathers and uses energy.<\/p>\n<p>That omission is increasingly significant as, in the half-century since Kardashev proposed his classification scheme, evidence is accumulating that our energy-intensive, industrial civilization is affecting our planet.<\/p>\n<p>Given those effects, can planets and civilizations co-exist for the long haul? And if so, how?<\/p>\n<p>To answer these questions, a team of researchers led by Adam Frank, a professor of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pas.rochester.edu\/\">physics and astronomy at the University of Rochester<\/a><\/strong>, devised a new classification scheme for the evolution of civilizations based on the idea that it\u2019s not just how much energy you use, but how you use it that matters.<\/p>\n<p>With this new scale, the researchers determined that in order to survive long-term, a civilization must learn to \u201cthink like a planet\u201d\u2014or risk the civilization\u2019s demise.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe Kardashev scale is concerned with extracting energy,\u201d Frank says. \u201cBut what we\u2019ve recognized with our classification scheme is that you can\u2019t use energy without causing different kinds of waste. That waste feedbacks on the state of planet.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In a <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2213305417300425\">paper in the journal <em>Anthropocene<\/em><\/a>,<\/strong> the researchers discuss this new classification system as a way of thinking about sustainability on a planetary scale.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe discovery of seven new exoplanets orbiting the relatively close star TRAPPIST-1 forces us to rethink life on Earth,\u201d says Marina Alberti of the University of Washington, a co-author on the paper. \u201cIt opens the possibility to broaden our understanding of planetary system dynamics and lays the foundations to explore a path to long-term sustainability.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Earth\u2019s biosphere\u2014the global layer where life exists\u2014is unique in that the presence of life has altered the planet\u2019s surrounding atmosphere above and lithosphere below. The researchers note that rapid urbanization\u2014including deforestation, air pollution, and increasing energy demand\u2014has had damaging effects on the planet. Currently most of the energy on Earth comes from fossil fuels, a limited resource that puts pressure on the earth\u2019s ecosystems.<\/p>\n<p>Humans will need to find new ways of generating work from the energy they harvest in order to sustain civilization, the researchers say.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou can\u2019t just bring a planet to heel, you need to bring it a plan and figure out how to extract energy while also maintaining the health of the planet\u2019s biosphere,\u201d Frank says. \u201cHuman beings are part of the biosphere so they need to work with it in order to take the next steps in planetary evolution.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_261982\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-261982\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-261982 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/2405_PlanetClasses4Newscenter_v2-1024x366.jpg\" alt=\"examples of five different types of planets\" width=\"1024\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/2405_PlanetClasses4Newscenter_v2-1024x366.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/2405_PlanetClasses4Newscenter_v2-630x225.jpg 630w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/2405_PlanetClasses4Newscenter_v2-768x274.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/2405_PlanetClasses4Newscenter_v2.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-261982\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Adam Frank\u2019s new system classifies planets based on their ability to generate free energy. This system is composed of five levels, from a Class I planet (far left) that does not have an atmosphere to a Class V planet (far right) where an energy-intensive species establishes a sustainable version of the biosphere. In this system, Earth is between a Class IV and Class V. (University illustration \/ Michael Osadciw)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The new classification system for planetary evolution is composed of five levels:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Class I: Planets without an atmosphere. The ability of the planet to change and evolve is severely limited. (Mercury or Earth\u2019s moon)<\/li>\n<li>Class II: Planets with atmospheres but no life forms. The flow of gases and fluids leads to change and evolution in the form of climate and weathering. (Venus and Mars)<\/li>\n<li>Class III: Planets with a \u201cthin\u201d biosphere that might sustain some biological activity, but this does not affect the planet as a whole. There are no current examples of Class III planets. However, Earth 2.5 billion years ago, before life created the oxygen atmosphere, would have been a Class III world. If early Mars hosted life when it had liquid water on its surface then it too might have been a Class III world. Once life appears, new forms of change, evolution, and innovation become possible.<\/li>\n<li>Class IV: Planets with a thick biosphere strongly affecting the flow of energy and work through the rest of the planetary systems. Planets co-evolve with their biospheres as life dominates many of the processes happening between the surface and the upper atmosphere. (Earth today)<\/li>\n<li>Class V: Planets in which an energy-intensive technological species establishes a sustainable form of cooperation with the biosphere that increases the productivity of both. On these planets the civilization enhances the ability of the biosphere to innovate and evolve.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>According to the researchers\u2019 findings, Earth might reach Class V in the future if humanity successfully advances to harvest energy in forms like solar that do not harm the biosphere.<\/p>\n<p>Although researchers can\u2019t conclude that advanced extraterrestrial civilizations currently exist in our galaxy, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/06\/12\/opinion\/sunday\/yes-there-have-been-aliens.html?_r=0\">previous work by Frank<\/a> demonstrates that unless the laws of the Universe are highly biased against them, other technologically advanced civilizations are likely to have existed at some point in cosmic history.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe Universe has created a lot of opportunities for what\u2019s happening to us to have happened before,\u201d Frank says. \u201cWe\u2019re starting off by assuming there have been Class V planets.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>And what might a Class V planet look like?<\/p>\n<p>Frank lists several ways\u00ad\u00ad humans on Earth might form a technological cooperative between biosphere and civilization, including \u201cgreening\u201d large desert land masses such as the Sahara by finding ways to plant trees that will absorb carbon and release oxygen; or creating genetically modified trees with photovoltaic leaves that covert the sun\u2019s energy into electricity.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cCivilization arose as part of a biosphere,\u201d Frank says. \u201cA Type 2 civilization on the Kardashev scale that is super space-baring could live without a biosphere. But a young civilization, like ours, has to see itself as a part of the biosphere. We\u2019re not separate from it, we\u2019re just the latest experiment the earth is running in the evolution of life. \u00a0If we\u2019re not careful, it will just move on without us.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-row highlight\">\n<div class=\"su-column su-column-size-1-4\">\n<div class=\"su-column-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-518712 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/2018-06-04_Adam_Frank_063-3-2-165.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Adam Frank\" width=\"165\" height=\"165\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-column su-column-size-3-4\">\n<div class=\"su-column-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\">\n<h4><strong>Astrophysicist Adam Frank<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>A self-described \u201cevangelist of science,\u201d Frank regularly writes<em>\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0speaks\u00a0about subjects like intelligent life forms in the universe, high-energy-density physics, space exploration and missions, climate change, and more.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/news\/adam-frank\/\">Explore full profile \u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For more than 50 years, the Kardashev scale has been the gold standard for classifying hypothetical &#8220;exo-civilizations&#8221; by their ability to harness energy. A team of researchers led by Rochester astrophysicist Adam Frank have devised a new system that takes into account the impacts of that energy use.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":912,"featured_media":267422,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[16792,21782,18662,29242,23252,18572,16072],"class_list":["post-261972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-adam-frank","tag-climate-change","tag-department-of-physics-and-astronomy","tag-exoplanets","tag-planets","tag-research-finding","tag-school-of-arts-and-sciences"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Climate change for aliens<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A new classification scheme updates the Kardashev 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