{"id":366192,"date":"2019-03-06T16:47:07","date_gmt":"2019-03-06T21:47:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=366192"},"modified":"2019-03-13T09:37:04","modified_gmt":"2019-03-13T13:37:04","slug":"does-awe-lead-to-greater-interest-in-science-366192","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/does-awe-lead-to-greater-interest-in-science-366192\/","title":{"rendered":"Does awe lead to greater interest in science?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cThe joy of science lies in pondering the magnificent and seeking answers to the unknown,\u201d writes <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.rochester.edu\/psy\/people\/gradstudents\/mcphetres_jonathon\/index.html\">Jonathon McPhetres<\/a>, a PhD candidate in psychology at the University of Rochester, and the author of a <a href=\"https:\/\/psyarxiv.com\/fmj7y\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new study<\/a>\u00a0published in the journal <em>Cognition and Emotion.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>McPhetres finds that feeling awe leads to greater awareness of the things we don\u2019t know, which in turn makes us more likely to seek out a framework to fill those gaps. Science is one such framework.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pullquote\">McPhetres\u2019s research has important implications for educators. \u201cIt might be as simple as showing students really awe-some videos of the things they are about to learn in physics and calculus.\u201d<\/div>\n<p>In layperson\u2019s terms, awe can be understood as an emotion similar to surprise or curiosity, usually associated with the grandiose or the magnificent. For McPhetres\u2014borrowing from previous research in the field\u2014awe is comprised of two central characteristics: the perception of vastness and the need for accommodation. That is to say, when we encounter information that does not fit into our existing framework of expectations, we must change our existing schemas in order to accommodate this new information.<\/p>\n<p>To test the hypothesis that awe serves as an antecedent to interest in science, McPhetres conducted four studies that manipulated the experience of a person\u2019s sense of awe through online and virtual reality videos.<\/p>\n<p>He discovered that once people were aware of a particular gap in their knowledge, that awareness led them to a greater interest in science. How did he measure that? First, McPhetres subjected study participants to an awe-inducing video. Then he offered them free tickets to either a science or an art museum. Participants were much more likely to choose the science museum (68 percent) than the art museum (32 percent).<\/p>\n<p>\u201cClearly awe makes us realize what we don\u2019t know about the natural world. We come to know how much we do not know, which is a privilege because most people don\u2019t know what they don\u2019t know,\u201d says McPhetres, referring to what psychologists call the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect\">Dunning-Kruger effect<\/a>. This kind of experience makes people ask questions about nature and, his research suggests, seek answers to those questions in a methodological and systematic way.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cTo me this says that humans are curious, wondrous, growth-oriented creatures who are interested in learning about our place in the universe,\u201d says McPhetres. \u201cWe love to see new things, to experience the unknown, and to learn about our world. We all have this experience in common.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>McPhetres is not the first to discover that awe, like other positive emotions, can broaden one\u2019s thoughts, actions, and awareness, and lead a person to explore new skills and resources.<\/p>\n<p>But he was the first to test the relationship between awe and knowledge empirically.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Rochester study design<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>McPhetres conducted four studies, which he labeled 1a, 1b, 1c, and 2. Studies 1a, b, and c all followed the same procedure. While 1a and 1c were online, 1b happened in the lab. The first study (1a) included 366 participants, recruited through the crowdsourcing marketplace <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mturk.com\/\">Amazon Mechanical Turk<\/a>. The second study (1b) had 90 participants, all of them undergraduates with an average age of 20, who were compensated either with museum tickets or extra course credit. The third study (1c) recruited 850 participants through the online survey platform <a href=\"https:\/\/prolific.ac\/\">Prolific<\/a> with an average age of 34.<\/p>\n<p>In all three experiments, participants were randomly assigned to either the \u201cawe condition group\u201d or the control group. In the awe group, participants watched a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R3qpluJb6pE&amp;feature=youtu.be\">video from BBC\u2019s <em>Planet Earth<\/em><\/a>\u00a0designed to eliciting awe in the test subjects. Meanwhile, the control group watched a humorous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EQ1HKCYJM5U&amp;feature=youtu.be\">video from BBC\u2019s <em>Walk on the Wild Side<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Afterwards participants responded to nine items measuring general mood, with one measure for awe mingled in. Then participants answered a seven-item self-assessment about awareness of gaps in their knowledge, in which they responded to prompts such as: \u201cI ask myself if I really understand how the natural world works,\u201d or \u201cThis activity makes me realize how much I don\u2019t know about nature.\u201d Study participants also reported levels of religiosity and spirituality. Additionally, in study 1b the undergraduate students indicated afterwards if they preferred to receive a ticket to a local science museum or a local art museum (both of which are equidistant from the university campus and cost approximately the same.)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_366382\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-366382\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-366382\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/awe-and-science.jpg\" alt=\"a flow chart shows awe condition leading to knowledge gaps leading to both science interest and science museum tickets.\" width=\"800\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/awe-and-science.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/awe-and-science-630x284.jpg 630w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/awe-and-science-768x347.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-366382\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The mediation model shows the indirect effects across all four studies. In all studies, exposure to feeling awe lead to an increase in a person&#8217;s awareness of knowledge gaps, which in turn was associated with an increased level of science interest (and in study 1b led to an increased likelihood of choosing tickets to a local science museum versus a local art museum).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>McPhetres discovered that the feeling of awe, as expressed by the participants, was greater in the group that had watched the awe-inducing video than in the control group. That same group also consistently reported greater interest in science and greater awareness of gaps in their knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>The last study (study 2) sought to replicate the awe effect with a different procedure\u2014one that tested whether a person\u2019s awareness of knowledge gaps and resulting interest in science could be \u201csated\u201d by providing additional information.<\/p>\n<p>To that end, 209 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to four groups: \u201cawe,\u201d \u201ccontrol group,\u201d \u201cawe plus relevant information,\u201d and \u201cawe plus irrelevant information about the awe-inducing stimuli.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This time McPhetres employed virtual reality videos because <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28450730\">past research<\/a>\u00a0has shown that these videos are strong and reliable inducers of awe. McPhetres wanted to test whether providing information that was relevant to the awe-inducing video would reduce a person\u2019s science interest to the level of the (non-awe-inducing video) control group.<\/p>\n<p>For the awe condition, participants watched a 3-D, 360-degree virtual reality video of the <a href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/news-and-politics\/2015\/03\/northern-lights-gorgeous-photos-of-the-aurora-borealis-light-show.html\">aurora borealis<\/a>, displayed on a virtual reality headset with headphones. Meanwhile, the control group watched the same video as in study 1 (BBC\u2019s <em>Walk on the Wild Side<\/em>) using the virtual reality headset, except that the video was displayed in 2-D format. The two awe groups who received additional information either watched another <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/nXxwZVbDt1c\">video explaining the aurora borealis<\/a>\u00a0(for the awe plus relevant information group), or a video on how to tie different knots (for the awe plus irrelevant information group).<\/p>\n<p>McPhetres found that feelings of awe and pride were significantly higher in the awe-experiencing group. Overall, those in the awe plus irrelevant information group experienced fewer positive emotions compared to the other three groups.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese studies provide the first evidence that the experience of awe consistently and uniquely leads to greater awareness of gaps in one\u2019s knowledge about the natural world,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>How can these findings be applied? \u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Inspiring interest in science is critical to learning about our world and improving our lives. \u201cWithout science we wouldn\u2019t have light bulbs, air planes, vaccines, anesthesia. Without science we would die at age 20 from tooth infections and we\u2019d still believe in bloodletting,\u201d says McPhetres.<\/p>\n<p>His research has important implications for educators. Simply put, if we frame science in inspiring and interesting ways, then science will be inspiring and interesting. \u201cIt might be as simple as showing students really awe-some videos of the things they are about to learn in physics and calculus. It might be as complicated as giving students an experience which really challenges their level of knowledge about chemistry before you dive into counting electrons.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>One thing is clear, says McPhetres: \u201cShow people nature in all of its beauty and magnificence and they will see it as magnificent and mysterious. Show students some real and applicable uses for the theoretical minutiae they are about to cram into their brains and they\u2019ll see value in learning it. And if this results in more interest in science then that\u2019s a win in my book.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The data for McPhetres\u2019s four studies are <a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/r4ayh\/?view_only=76150450c5024484aba61c1aa168336b\">available here\u00a0through the Open Science Framework.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In a recent study, participants who watched awe-inducing nature videos or virtual reality simulations consistently reported greater interest in science and greater awareness of gaps in their knowledge. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":942,"featured_media":366722,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[18592,29502,18572],"class_list":["post-366192","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-department-of-psychology","tag-featured-post-side","tag-research-finding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Does awe lead to greater interest in science?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"People who watched awe-inducing videos or virtual reality reported greater interest in science and greater awareness of gaps in their knowledge.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/does-awe-lead-to-greater-interest-in-science-366192\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Does awe lead to greater interest in science?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"People who watched awe-inducing videos or virtual reality reported greater interest in science and greater awareness of gaps in their knowledge.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/does-awe-lead-to-greater-interest-in-science-366192\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"News Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-03-06T21:47:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-03-13T13:37:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/fea-science-awe-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Sandra Knispel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sandra Knispel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/does-awe-lead-to-greater-interest-in-science-366192\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/does-awe-lead-to-greater-interest-in-science-366192\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sandra Knispel\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/48a5dd20d1ade85ff52a0babb9a550a5\"},\"headline\":\"Does awe lead to greater interest in science?\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-03-06T21:47:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-03-13T13:37:04+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/does-awe-lead-to-greater-interest-in-science-366192\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1327,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/does-awe-lead-to-greater-interest-in-science-366192\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/03\\\/fea-science-awe-1.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Department of Psychology\",\"featured-post-side\",\"research finding\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science &amp; 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