{"id":384142,"date":"2019-05-28T13:49:04","date_gmt":"2019-05-28T17:49:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=384142"},"modified":"2019-05-29T14:30:45","modified_gmt":"2019-05-29T18:30:45","slug":"brain-stimulation-vision-loss-stroke-traumatic-injury-384142","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/brain-stimulation-vision-loss-stroke-traumatic-injury-384142\/","title":{"rendered":"Brain stimulation speeds up visual learning in healthy adults, helps patients re-learn how to see"},"content":{"rendered":"

Practice results in better learning. Consider learning a musical instrument, for example: the more one practices, the better one will be able to learn to play. The same holds true for cognition and visual perception: with practice, a person can learn to see better\u2014and this is the case for both healthy adults and patients who experience vision loss because of a traumatic brain injury or stroke.<\/p>\n

The problem with learning, however, is that it often takes a lot of training. Finding the time can be especially difficult for patients with brain injuries who may, for instance, need to re-train their brains to learn to process visual cues.<\/p>\n

But what if this learning process could be accelerated?<\/p>\n

That\u2019s what University of Rochester researchers Duje Tadin<\/a>, a professor of brain and cognitive sciences<\/a>, and Krystel Huxlin<\/a>, the James V. Aquavella, M.D. Professor in Ophthalmology at the\u00a0University\u2019s Flaum Eye Institute<\/a>, set out to determine. Motivated by emerging evidence that brain stimulation might aid learning, Tadin and Huxlin collaborated with researchers at the Italian Institute of Technology<\/a> to study how different types of non-invasive brain stimulation affect visual perceptual learning and retention in both healthy individuals and those with brain damage. Their results, published in a paper in the Journal of Neuroscience<\/em>,<\/a> could lead to enhanced learning efficacy for both populations and improved vision recovery for cortically blind patients.<\/p>\n

Enhancing learning with brain stimulation<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Learning is difficult and often takes a long time, Tadin says, \u201cbecause after early childhood our brains become less plastic.\u201d The brain\u2019s ability to change and reorganize itself decreases as a person ages, so learning new tasks, or re-learning tasks after experiencing a brain injury, becomes more challenging.<\/p>\n

To test if and how visual perceptual learning might be accelerated, researchers presented study participants with a computer-based task. Participants were shown clouds of dots and were asked to determine which way the dots moved across the computer screen. The task measured the participants\u2019 motion integration threshold; motion perception is important in enabling people to see movement and either to avoid or interact with moving objects. Participants were then asked to perform the task while sub-groups were given different types of brain stimulation, each involving a non-invasive electrical current applied over the visual cortex. The researchers found that one particular type of brain stimulation, called transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), had remarkable effects on improving participants\u2019 motion integration thresholds when they performed the task.<\/p>\n

\u201cAll groups of participants got better at the dot motion task with practice, but the group that also trained with tRNS improved twice as much and was able to learn the motion task better than other groups,\u201d Tadin says.<\/p>\n

Surprisingly, the researchers also found that when they re-tested the participants six months later, the boosts in performance were still there: the participants in the tRNS group had retained what they had learned and were still able to do better on the motion task compared to the groups that were given other stimulation techniques or training alone.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u2018Something we\u2019ve never seen in this patient population\u2019<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Tadin, Huxlin, and their colleagues then extended their findings to patients who had suffered a stroke or other traumatic brain injury that affected their visual cortex, rendering them partially blind.<\/p>\n

Huxlin had previously developed an eye-training system<\/a> to assist stroke patients with recovering vision. The system includes a computer-based device that delivers a set of exercises to stimulate the undamaged portions of the visual cortical system. Through this visual training, the undamaged areas learn to process visual information that would normally be processed by the damaged parts.<\/p>\n

Working with participants who had experienced traumatic brain injuries, the researchers coupled Huxlin\u2019s visual training therapy and the tRNS brain stimulation applied to both damaged and undamaged parts of the patients\u2019 brains. These participants, too, experienced improvement in visual processing and function after only 10 days.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis fast improvement is something we\u2019ve never seen in this patient population,\u201d Huxlin says.<\/p>\n

The research offers promise for overcoming key hurdles in vision therapy for patients who have experienced a stroke or traumatic brain injury. Re-learning visual perception lost because of neurological damage typically requires months of training. Moreover, it\u2019s unclear how long the recovered abilities are retained once the therapy has ended.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe beauty of this combined therapy is the very\u00a0short training,\u201d says Lorella Battelli, group leader at the Italian Institute of Technology and assistant professor at Harvard Medical School. \u201cWhen you work with stroke patients you quickly realize that there is a lot of fluctuation in their ability to stay on task. Thus, training that is short and effective is a big advantage.\u201d<\/p>\n

But, while the two-pronged approach could lead to more efficient therapies, it\u2019s less clear exactly why the approach works. That will be the focus of future research, Tadin says. \u201cIt appears that tRNS helps put the brain in a more plastic state, which makes it more amendable to training-induced change, or learning. What we hope to learn with future work is why<\/em> this happens.\u201d<\/p>\n

Read more <\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n
\"Krystel
\nAn eye for seeing big problems, and solving them<\/a>
\nFor patients with vision loss after a stroke or brain injury, a simple therapy device developed by professor of ophthalmology Krystel Huxlin could help train the eye to see again. <\/span><\/div>\n
\"patient
\nRebooting the brain for better vision after a stroke<\/a>
\nKrystel Huxlin has developed rigorous visual training that can restore some of the basic vision lost to traumatic brain injury, stroke, or a tumor. <\/span><\/div>\n
\"woman
\nTraining brains\u2014young and old, sick and healthy\u2014with virtual reality<\/a>
\nRochester researchers are using virtual reality-based brain training to better understand the brain’s plasticity in athletes who have experienced concussions and older adults with mild cognitive impairments.<\/span><\/div>\n
\"close-up
\nBrain training video games help improve kids vision<\/a>
\nA new study by vision scientists finds that children with poor vision see vast and lasting improvement in their peripheral vision after only eight hours of playing kid-friendly video games. <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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