The research, funded in part by the National Institutes of Health and the NIH National Eye Institute,\u00a0offers new insights into how the brain interprets sensory information and may have applications in designing artificial intelligence devices and developing treatments and therapies to treat brain disorders.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhile much has been learned previously about how the brain processes visual motion, most laboratory studies of neurons have ignored the complexities introduced by self-motion,\u201d DeAngelis says. \u201cUnder natural conditions, identifying how objects move in the world is much more challenging for the brain.\u201d<\/p>\n
Now imagine a still, crouching lion waiting to spot prey; it is easy for the lion to spot a moving gazelle. Just like the still lion, when an observer is stationary, it is easy for her to detect when objects move in the world, because motion in the world directly maps to motion on the retina. However, when the observer is also moving, her eyes are taking in motion everywhere on her retina as she moves relative to objects in the scene. This causes a complex pattern of motion that makes it more difficult for the brain to detect when an object is moving in the world and when it is stationary; in this case, the brain has to distinguish between image motion that results from the observer herself versus image motion of other objects around the self.<\/p>\n
The researchers discovered a type of neuron in the brain that has a particular combination of response properties, which makes the neuron well-suited to contribute to the task of distinguishing between self-motion and the motion of other objects.<\/p>\n
\u201cAlthough the brain probably uses multiple tricks to solve this problem, this new mechanism has the advantage that it can be performed in parallel at each local region of the visual field, and thus may be faster to implement than more global processes,\u201d DeAngelis says. \u201cThis mechanism might also be applicable to autonomous vehicles, which also need to rapidly detect moving objects.\u201d<\/p>\n
Major NIH award spurs findings on\u00a0causal inference<\/strong><\/h3>\nIn 2020, a team of Rochester researchers, including DeAngelis and Ralf Haefner<\/a>, an assistant professor of brain and cognitive sciences\u2014as well as others from Harvard Medical School, Rice University, and the University of Washington\u2014received a $12.2 million grant award from the National Institutes of Health to study how the brain uses causal inference to distinguish self-motion from object motion.<\/p>\nThe five-year award is part of the NIH\u2019s Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) initiative. The insights generated by the award may have important applications in developing treatments and therapies for neural disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, as well as inspire advances in artificial intelligence.<\/p>\n
\u201cThis NIH BRAIN Initiative Award is the biggest research award in the history of the Department Brain and Cognitive Sciences,\u201d said Duje Tadin, professor and chair of the department at Rochester, in 2020. \u201cIt aims to solve the key question of how our brains interpret the information collected by our senses. This research builds on a longstanding strength of BCS of using computational methods to understand both behavior and underlying neural mechanisms.\u201d<\/p>\n
Unraveling a complicated circuit of neurons<\/strong><\/h3>\nCausal inference involves a complicated circuit of neurons and other sensory mechanisms that are not widely understood, DeAngelis says, because \u201csensory perception works so well most of the time, so we take for granted how difficult of a computational problem it is.\u201d<\/p>\n
In actuality, sensory signals are noisy and incomplete. Additionally, there are many possible events that could happen in the world that would produce similar patterns of sensory input.<\/p>\n
Consider a spot of light that moves across the retina of the eye. The same visual input could be the result of a variety of situations: it could be caused by an object that moves in the world while the viewer remains stationary, such as a person standing still at a window and observing a moving ambulance with a flashing light; it could be caused by a moving observer viewing a stationary object, such as a runner noticing a lamppost from a distance; or it could be caused by many different combinations of object motion, self-motion, and depth.<\/p>\n
The brain has a difficult problem to solve: it must infer what most likely caused the specific pattern of sensory signals that it received. It can then draw conclusions about the situation and plan appropriate actions in response.<\/p>\n
Building on these latest results and using data science, lab experiments, computer models, and cognitive theory, DeAngelis, Haefner, and their colleagues will continue working to pinpoint single neurons and groups of neurons that are involved in the process. Their goal is to identify how the brain generates a consistent view of reality through interactions between the parts of the brain that process sensory stimuli and the parts of the brain that make decisions and plan actions.<\/p>\n
Developing therapies and artificial intelligence<\/strong><\/h3>\nRecognizing how the brain uses causal inference to separate self-motion from object motion may help in designing artificial intelligence and autopilot devices.<\/p>\n
\u201cUnderstanding how the brain infers self-motion and object motion might provide inspiration for improving existing algorithms for autopilot devices on planes and self-driving cars,\u201d Haefner says. For example, a plane\u2019s circuitry must take into account the plane\u2019s self-motion in the air while also avoiding other moving planes appearing around it.<\/p>\n
The research may additionally have important applications in developing treatments and therapies for neural disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, conditions in which casual inference is thought to be impaired.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhile the project is basic science focused on understanding the fundamental mechanisms of causal inference, this knowledge should eventually be applicable to the treatment of these disorders,\u201d DeAngelis says.<\/p>\n
\nRead more<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n![\"image](\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/2020_june_bcs-motion_GettyImages-184976633.jpg\")
Neurons can shift how they process information about motion<\/strong><\/a>
\nRochester research indicates some neurons may be more adept than previously thought in helping you perceive the motion of objects while you move through the world.<\/span><\/div>\n
The five-year award is part of the NIH\u2019s Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) initiative. The insights generated by the award may have important applications in developing treatments and therapies for neural disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, as well as inspire advances in artificial intelligence.<\/p>\n
\u201cThis NIH BRAIN Initiative Award is the biggest research award in the history of the Department Brain and Cognitive Sciences,\u201d said Duje Tadin, professor and chair of the department at Rochester, in 2020. \u201cIt aims to solve the key question of how our brains interpret the information collected by our senses. This research builds on a longstanding strength of BCS of using computational methods to understand both behavior and underlying neural mechanisms.\u201d<\/p>\n
Unraveling a complicated circuit of neurons<\/strong><\/h3>\nCausal inference involves a complicated circuit of neurons and other sensory mechanisms that are not widely understood, DeAngelis says, because \u201csensory perception works so well most of the time, so we take for granted how difficult of a computational problem it is.\u201d<\/p>\n
In actuality, sensory signals are noisy and incomplete. Additionally, there are many possible events that could happen in the world that would produce similar patterns of sensory input.<\/p>\n
Consider a spot of light that moves across the retina of the eye. The same visual input could be the result of a variety of situations: it could be caused by an object that moves in the world while the viewer remains stationary, such as a person standing still at a window and observing a moving ambulance with a flashing light; it could be caused by a moving observer viewing a stationary object, such as a runner noticing a lamppost from a distance; or it could be caused by many different combinations of object motion, self-motion, and depth.<\/p>\n
The brain has a difficult problem to solve: it must infer what most likely caused the specific pattern of sensory signals that it received. It can then draw conclusions about the situation and plan appropriate actions in response.<\/p>\n
Building on these latest results and using data science, lab experiments, computer models, and cognitive theory, DeAngelis, Haefner, and their colleagues will continue working to pinpoint single neurons and groups of neurons that are involved in the process. Their goal is to identify how the brain generates a consistent view of reality through interactions between the parts of the brain that process sensory stimuli and the parts of the brain that make decisions and plan actions.<\/p>\n
Developing therapies and artificial intelligence<\/strong><\/h3>\nRecognizing how the brain uses causal inference to separate self-motion from object motion may help in designing artificial intelligence and autopilot devices.<\/p>\n
\u201cUnderstanding how the brain infers self-motion and object motion might provide inspiration for improving existing algorithms for autopilot devices on planes and self-driving cars,\u201d Haefner says. For example, a plane\u2019s circuitry must take into account the plane\u2019s self-motion in the air while also avoiding other moving planes appearing around it.<\/p>\n
The research may additionally have important applications in developing treatments and therapies for neural disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, conditions in which casual inference is thought to be impaired.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhile the project is basic science focused on understanding the fundamental mechanisms of causal inference, this knowledge should eventually be applicable to the treatment of these disorders,\u201d DeAngelis says.<\/p>\n
\nRead more<\/strong><\/h3>\n\nNeurons can shift how they process information about motion<\/strong><\/a>
\nRochester research indicates some neurons may be more adept than previously thought in helping you perceive the motion of objects while you move through the world.<\/span><\/div>\n
Recognizing how the brain uses causal inference to separate self-motion from object motion may help in designing artificial intelligence and autopilot devices.<\/p>\n
\u201cUnderstanding how the brain infers self-motion and object motion might provide inspiration for improving existing algorithms for autopilot devices on planes and self-driving cars,\u201d Haefner says. For example, a plane\u2019s circuitry must take into account the plane\u2019s self-motion in the air while also avoiding other moving planes appearing around it.<\/p>\n
The research may additionally have important applications in developing treatments and therapies for neural disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, conditions in which casual inference is thought to be impaired.<\/p>\n
\u201cWhile the project is basic science focused on understanding the fundamental mechanisms of causal inference, this knowledge should eventually be applicable to the treatment of these disorders,\u201d DeAngelis says.<\/p>\n
\n
Read more<\/strong><\/h3>\n\nNeurons can shift how they process information about motion<\/strong><\/a>
\nRochester research indicates some neurons may be more adept than previously thought in helping you perceive the motion of objects while you move through the world.<\/span><\/div>\n
Neurons can shift how they process information about motion<\/strong><\/a>\nRochester research indicates some neurons may be more adept than previously thought in helping you perceive the motion of objects while you move through the world.<\/span><\/div>\n
![\"image](\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/fea-small-eye-movements.jpg\")
![\"image](\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/fea-moving-objectsjpg.jpg\")