{"id":450902,"date":"2025-09-22T13:42:39","date_gmt":"2025-09-22T17:42:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=450902"},"modified":"2025-11-19T11:33:55","modified_gmt":"2025-11-19T16:33:55","slug":"rochester-project-democratizes-access-to-medieval-english-literature-450902","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/rochester-project-democratizes-access-to-medieval-english-literature-450902\/","title":{"rendered":"Rochester project democratizes access to medieval English literature"},"content":{"rendered":"

A pioneering initiative to make texts from the Middle Ages available to scholars and students \u201cputs the literature out there for everybody.\u201d<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\n

This story was originally published on September 16, 2020. It has been republished with the news that METS was awarded the 2025 Education Standard of Excellence Award<\/a> from the American Web Marketing Association. The award recognizes the success of the METS website rebuild both in terms of its coherence and innovation, and its accessibility and versatility for users.<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

Teachers and students of medieval literature long faced a problem that people studying other literary periods did not: the scant availability of texts.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s not because there wasn\u2019t plenty of literature produced in the Middle Ages or because not much survived. The problem was access.<\/p>\n

\"image
METS print and digital editions offer the original Middle English text and a facing-column modern English translation, as seen in its edition of the Harley Manuscript. (Courtesy of Robbins Library)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Publishing medieval texts isn\u2019t like offering editions of literary works created after the advent of the printing press. \u201cEverything was copied by hand in the Middle Ages, and so every medieval copy is different. And we almost never have the copy that was written by the author. We just have copies of copies of copies,\u201d says Anna Siebach-Larsen<\/a>, director of the University of Rochester<\/a>\u2019s Rossell Hope Robbins Library<\/a> and Koller-Collins Center for English Studies<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Each copy introduces difference. The scribes made mistakes or repeated words as they carried out the grueling work of copying. When working in languages they did not know, they sometimes introduced misspellings or substituted one word for another. Words, sentences, and even paragraphs might be omitted from a particular copy.<\/p>\n

Scholars of medieval literature have traditionally had to travel to different archives to compare copies\u2014and, if publishing an edition, decide which of the copies is most authoritative and create the notes and context that explain the differences between the various manuscript copies. German scholars took on a lot of this work 200 years ago.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe German editions, they were made for experts by experts. They\u2019re often from the 19th century. They\u2019re hard to use and hard to find,\u201d says Siebach-Larsen. As a result, undergraduates studying medieval literature were largely confined to the texts\u2014frequently, just excerpts\u2014available in anthologies. The narrow slice of medieval literature that achieved canonical status shut out \u201cmany of the widely circulated texts and authors that medieval people actually read and shared,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

It left students\u2014and anyone else interested in medieval literature but outside the scholarly community or without access to a world-class library\u2014high and dry.<\/p>\n

\u2018Changing the study of Middle English literature\u2019<\/h3>\n

Russell Peck<\/a>, for more than 50 years a Rochester faculty member and now a professor emeritus of English, knew there had to be a better way. In 1990, working with the Teaching Association for Medieval Studies (TEAMS, of which he is a founding member), he established the Middle English Texts Series (METS)<\/a>. It offers free digital and affordable print editions of a wide range of medieval writing.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt completely changed the study of Middle English literature,\u201d says Peck, the general editor for the series, as he looks back over 30 years of work.
\n<\/p>\n

\n

Long history of leadership in medieval studies<\/h3>\n

The University is home to several other digital projects on medieval life and literature: the Camelot Project<\/a>, the Crusades Project<\/a>, the Robin Hood Project<\/a>, and Visualizing Chaucer<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Early Worlds Initiative, established in 2017, builds on Rochester\u2019s long-standing strength in the study of medieval and early modern cultures. It\u2019s an interdisciplinary research project at Rochester that extends from the 5th to 18th centuries and strives to move beyond the limitations and biases of research conducted in the US and the UK to achieve a truly global perspective.<\/p>\n

A comprehensive collection of materials<\/h3>\n

The personal collection of Rossell Hope Robbins provided the nucleus for the Robbins Library, which contains comprehensive holdings across medieval history, literature, art, and culture. The library continues to be funded by Rossell Hope and Helen Ann Mins Robbins\u2019s endowed gift.<\/p>\n

An internationally regarded expert on medieval author John Gower\u2014a friend and contemporary of Geoffrey Chaucer\u2019s\u2014Russell Peck, a professor emeritus of English, was instrumental in establishing the collection at Rochester, where he has helped propel the University to a place of prominence in the world of medieval studies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

Siebach-Larsen, who holds a PhD in medieval studies from Notre Dame, used METS texts herself as a student. \u201cMETS democratizes access,\u201d she says. \u201cIt puts the literature out there for everybody.\u201d And by offering a more complete view of the literary period, the series has helped \u201ctransform our understanding and study of medieval culture,\u201d she adds.<\/p>\n

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) recently awarded the project a three-year grant to support its mission of offering the broadest possible readership\u2014from specialists to undergraduates and high school students to people simply curious about the Middle Ages\u2014access to the full range of literary output from medieval England. The latest award extends a long history of support for the project from the NEH.<\/p>\n

\u201cMETS takes as its mission the creation of affordable editions that would pass scrutiny from the most demanding expert, yet would prove comprehensible, and even enticing, to someone who had never read Middle English before,\u201d the team wrote in its application for support from the NEH.<\/p>\n

Tools of the trade<\/h3>\n

Each volume in the series offers both the scholarly apparatus demanded by researchers and the tools that help a novice understand the text: glosses and facing-page translations, textual and explanatory notes, contexts and background.<\/p>\n

Thomas Hahn<\/a>\u2014a professor of English, the consulting editor to METS, and the principal investigator for the NEH grant\u2014says the series \u201coffers the richest portal into the Middle Ages to the largest number of people with the widest range of interests and expertise of anything that exists out there.\u201d<\/p>\n

Among the many titles METS has published are William Caxton\u2019s The Game and Playe of the Chesse<\/em>, a chessboard-inspired allegory about contributions to the common good; Prik of Conscience<\/em>, among the most popular medieval English poems; and the Complete Harley 2235 Manuscript<\/em>\u2014one of the most important literary books to survive from the Middle Ages, it\u2019s a rich collection, in three languages, of lyric poetry, satire, comedies, collected sayings, and more.<\/p>\n

METS is a partnership between TEAMS, scholars in the field, Rochester\u2019s Department of English<\/a>, and the River Campus Libraries, in particular, the Robbins Library\u2014the University\u2019s medieval studies library\u2014and the Information Discovery Team, along with the Digital Scholarship Lab and other library metadata and IT experts.<\/p>\n

Individual volume editors are scholars from around the world, supported by METS\u2019s own editorial team, which includes Rochester graduate students and undergraduates. The students hone their skills in paleography\u2014the study of handwriting\u2014and copy-editing, and acquire a wide range of digital humanities skills. The project is a \u201csource for both intellectual rigor and growth and marketable, career-driven skills,\u201d says Hahn.<\/p>\n

A \u2018lifeline\u2019 for scholarship and teaching<\/h3>\n

Ninety-five volumes have been published online and in print, offering today\u2019s readers more than a thousand texts. The series includes prose, poetry, drama, travel writing, devotional literature, autobiography, and other forms\u2014all from the British Isles between the 12th and 16th centuries. The online texts, hosted on the River Campus Libraries\u2019 website, generate about half a million hits per year. Online readers are predominantly from the US and the UK but also come from about 135 countries and a wide variety of language groups around the world.<\/p>\n

The multilingual dimension of METS is now central. The series has broadened its focus to include many of the languages in use in medieval Britain, including all the dialects of English, Older Scots, Welsh, Anglo-Irish, Anglo-Norman, and Continental French.<\/p>\n

Among the tasks ahead for the creators of the series is an overhaul of its digital editions\u2014an effort already well underway\u2014to improve sustainability as well as access and possibilities for future users. The age of COVID-19 has demonstrated how critical such multimodal, user-friendly interfaces are.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis pandemic has only made more clear how important METS\u2019s dedication to open access is,\u201d says Siebach-Larsen. \u201cWe have heard from researchers and instructors around the world that METS\u2019s digital editions have been a lifeline for their scholarship and teaching.\u201d<\/p>\n

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