{"id":544832,"date":"2023-01-04T14:10:44","date_gmt":"2023-01-04T19:10:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=544832"},"modified":"2023-04-13T13:10:05","modified_gmt":"2023-04-13T17:10:05","slug":"viscosity-problem-fusion-high-energy-density-experiments-544832","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/viscosity-problem-fusion-high-energy-density-experiments-544832\/","title":{"rendered":"Viscosity presents a sticky plasma problem for fusion, high-energy-density experiments"},"content":{"rendered":"

University of Rochester scientists set out to explain how\u2014and how much\u2014in order to improve future experiments.<\/h2>\n

A typical fusion experiment at the University of Rochester<\/a>\u2019s Laboratory for Laser Energetics<\/a> (LLE) lasts about 3 millionths of a second. Sixty pulsed laser beams travel 216 feet to converge upon a plastic-coated ball of deuterium and tritium fuel less than 1 mm in diameter.<\/p>\n

Ideally, this onslaught of lasers, by subjecting the fuel capsule to extreme pressure, would cause the capsule to uniformly implode at speeds reaching 360 kilometers per second, and the deuterium and tritium isotopes to fuse and ignite into a controlled burn. Instead, execution of this carefully orchestrated scheme is hindered by several complications, including instabilities and mixing between the capsule and the fuel plasmas, which are at very different temperatures and densities. These factors interfere with the laser\u2019s ability to achieve the compression needed for ignition.<\/p>\n

Scientists know that viscosity can be critically important in the implosion. With support of a $590,000 grant from the Department of Energy\u2019s National Nuclear Security Administration, University of Rochester researchers hope to demonstrate ways to measure\u2014and thereby better understand\u2014how <\/em>viscosity dissipates energy in these plasmas.<\/p>\n

According to Jessica Shang<\/a>, principal investigator and an assistant professor of mechanical engineering, the findings could lead to improvements in the design of experiments aimed at achieving fusion and a better understanding of the dynamics of warm dense matter in the formation and evolution of planets, including Earth.<\/p>\n

Experiments will be conducted at Rochester\u2019s Omega facility and at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University. LLE, home to the Omega facility, is the largest university-based US Department of Energy program in the nation and an international destination for training scientists to work with powerful laser systems. LLE has partnered closely on developing laser-driven implosion techniques with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Researchers at LLNL\u2019s National Ignition Facility recently announced they were the first to achieve ignition\u2014in effect, producing more fusion energy than the energy delivered to the target to initiate the reaction.<\/p>\n

Researchers will test particle forcing, corrugated shock <\/strong><\/h3>\n

Viscosity is a property caused by internal frictions that limit the ability of certain fluids\u2014think of maple syrup, for example\u2014to flow easily. The viscosity of maple syrup or other fluids can be easily measured at ambient conditions by directly manipulating the material in benchtop experiments.<\/p>\n

\u201cBut when we have materials that we\u2019re shooting at on Omega, we can\u2019t do that,\u201d Shang says.<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd therein lies the challenge. We have to figure out ways to measure this property implicitly\u2014by observation.\u201d<\/p>\n

Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, working closely with Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics, recently announced they were the first to achieve ignition\u2014in effect, producing more fusion energy than the energy delivered to the target to initiate the reaction.<\/div>\n

Shang and her team will demonstrate two techniques that they hope can serve as \u201cgo-to tools\u201d for other scientists interested in studying the role of viscosity in plasmas at high energy densities.<\/p>\n

The first tool, particle forcing, involves placing particles in the targets used in high-energy-density experiments, then observing how they accelerate over time. \u201cMuch as if I were to throw a ball through the air, there will a combination of forces acting on the particles, some of which have a viscous effect,\u201d Shang says. The team plans to produce an acceleration model by piecing together myriad X-ray radiography images of the particles\u2019 motion during high-energy-density experiments.<\/p>\n

The other approach, corrugated shock, involves measuring the profile of a rippled shock over time in high-energy-density experiments. The speed at which the ripple flattens can be measured with VISAR, an interferometry technique, and can be matched with models of how viscosity modulates a rippled shock.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe are doing these experiments with plastics, which are used for fusion targets, and also with silica, which makes up rocky planets like Earth and others in our solar system,\u201d Shang says.<\/p>\n

Training a new generation of scientists on powerful laser systems<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\"selfie
Jessica Shang with PhD students Nitish Acharya (at right) and Afreen Syeda (at left) at LLE during an experiment they conducted last fall using the Omega laser. The students will take lead roles in conducting the corrugated shock and particle tracking experiments, respectively. (photo provided by Jessica Shang)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Co-principal investigators for the project are Hussein Aluie, associate professor of mechanical engineering; Riccardo Betti, LLE\u2019s chief scientist; Danae Polsin and Ryan Rygg, also scientists at LLE; and Arianna Gleason, staff scientist at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.<\/p>\n

Two PhD students co-advised by Shang and associate professor of mechanical engineering Hussein Aluie will take lead roles in conducting the corrugated shock and particle tracking experiments. Nitish Acharya will take the lead on corrugated shock, and Afreen Syeda will perform that role with particle tracking.<\/p>\n

Acharya has been a graduate research assistant since August 2018. Prior to that, he earned a BE degree in mechanical engineering from Tribhuvan University<\/a> in Nepal, then worked with E&T Groups in that country as a mechanical engineer before coming to Rochester.<\/p>\n

Syeda came to Rochester in fall of 2019 after she received a bachelor\u2019s degree in aeronautical engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU)<\/a> Hyderabad and a master\u2019s degree in aerospace engineering from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur.<\/p>\n

\u201cFour or five years ago, a lot of the work they were doing was scaffolded by the co-PIs,\u201d Shang says. \u201cNow they\u2019ve reached the point where we\u2019re doing the handoff and letting our students drive the bus.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

Read more<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n
\n

\"USScientists hit key milestone in fusion energy quest<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

The major breakthrough of achieving ignition is cause for celebration at Rochester\u2019s Laboratory for Laser Energetics as well. \u201cNow, we can see a future with a laboratory capability to both support the US nuclear deterrent and to start addressing the future for clean energy,\u201d says LLE Director Chris Deeney.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"Blue-Laboratory for Laser Energetics receives increase level of federal funding<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

The funding strengthens the Laser Lab\u2019s significant contributions to national security, scientific education and leadership, and regional innovation and growth.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"IllustrationWhat is fusion, and why is it so difficult to create?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Fusion is the energy of nature, powering the stars and making it possible for life to exist on Earth. Why, then, has achieving fusion power eluded researchers for decades?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

University of Rochester scientists set out to explain how\u2014and how much\u2014in order to improve future experiments.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":286,"featured_media":544852,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[23312,29502,18632,5296,9186],"class_list":["post-544832","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-department-of-mechanical-engineering","tag-featured-post-side","tag-hajim-school-of-engineering-and-applied-sciences","tag-laboratory-for-laser-energetics","tag-research-funding"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nViscosity presents a sticky plasma problem for fusion, high-energy-density experiments<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"University of Rochester scientists set out to explain how\u2014and how much\u2014in order to improve future experiments.\" \/>\n<meta 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