{"id":551522,"date":"2023-02-27T11:29:27","date_gmt":"2023-02-27T16:29:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=551522"},"modified":"2023-05-23T15:03:10","modified_gmt":"2023-05-23T19:03:10","slug":"chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-ai-chatbots-education-551522","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-ai-chatbots-education-551522\/","title":{"rendered":"How will AI chatbots like ChatGPT affect higher education?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"width: 85%; font-weight: bold; line-height: 135%; margin-bottom: 0.5em;\">University administrators and faculty weigh in on the pros and cons of the newest online learning tool.<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/auth\/login\">ChatGPT<\/a>, the artificial intelligence chatbot, continues to have internet users abuzz, given its ability to answer prompts on a stunning variety of subjects, to create songs, recipes, and jokes, to draft emails, and more.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s amazing to have this technology do in seconds what it takes many of us hours to do,\u201d says <a href=\"https:\/\/writing.rochester.edu\/people\/rossen-knill_deborah\/index.html\">Deborah Rossen-Knill<\/a>, executive director of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\">University of Rochester<\/a>\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/writing.rochester.edu\">Writing, Speaking, and Argument Program<\/a> and a professor of writing studies. \u201cThere\u2019s just an endless set of possibilities.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Those endless possibilities, however, have faculty and administrators in higher education expressing anxiety as well as awe, because ChatGPT also can write essays and code, answer homework questions, and solve math problems.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019re all trying to figure out how it fits into the existing landscape of higher education,\u201d says Rachel Remmel, assistant dean and director of the University\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/college\/teaching\/index.html\">Teaching Center<\/a>. \u201cEveryone is talking about it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>ChatGPT\u2014the GPT stands for \u201cgenerative pretrained transformer\u201d\u2014was launched by OpenAI in November 2022. It reached one million users in five days, according to OpenAI\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/sama\/status\/1599668808285028353?lang=en\">cofounder Sam Altman<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01\/\">surpassed 100 million<\/a> after two months, making it the fastest-growing consumer application in history.<\/p>\n<p>And more is coming. Google is nearing the public release of a rival to ChatGPT called Bard.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe one thing I\u2019m sure of is ChatGPT and others like it are here to stay,\u201d says <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cs.rochester.edu\/people\/faculty\/kanan_chris\/index.html\">Christopher Kanan<\/a>, an associate professor in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cs.rochester.edu\">Department of Computer Science<\/a>. \u201cAnd we, as educators, will just have to deal with that.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Rochester faculty and administrators offered their thoughts on how they\u2019re dealing with ChatGPT\u2014and how it may affect teaching and learning down the road.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>How will ChatGPT change the landscape of higher education?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In short, substantially.<\/p>\n<p>Says Greer Murphy, director of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/college\/honesty\/\">academic honesty for Arts, Sciences &amp; Engineering<\/a>, \u201cI think it has the potential to be extremely game-changing. It\u2019s something that will continue to evolve, and those of us in higher ed will keep asking questions about principles and usages.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Kanan, who\u00a0is currently teaching an undergraduate course on how to build systems like ChatGPT, believes such systems are \u201cgoing to be everywhere and be pervasive.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis is just Day One,\u201d he says. \u201cImprovements are being made as we speak. You think of earlier disruptive technology like the calculator and spellcheck. This is like that, only on ultra, ultra steroids. It can do so much more.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_551722\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-551722\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-551722 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-Rachel-Remmel-630x420.jpg\" alt=\"Rachel Remmel stands with her hands folded in front of her for a photo on the Eastman Quad. \" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-Rachel-Remmel-630x420.jpg 630w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-Rachel-Remmel-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-Rachel-Remmel-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-Rachel-Remmel.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-551722\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cChatGPT poses different questions than conventional cheating industry products, as AI chatbots will be used in many settings,\u201d says Rachel Remmel, director of the University of Rochester\u2019s Teaching Center. (University of Rochester photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>Some faculty have already altered their teaching in the\u00a0wake of ChatGPT\u2019s release<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Several faculty members have incorporated ChatGPT into assignments, primarily as a means of exposing the AI chatbot\u2019s limitations.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.rochester.edu\/phl\/people\/faculty\/herington_jonathan\/index.html\">Jonathan Herington<\/a>, an assistant professor in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.rochester.edu\/phl\/\">Department of Philosophy<\/a>, used ChatGPT as part of an assignment this semester. He asked students to cowrite an essay with the chatbot on a question that would challenge the technology\u2019s capabilities, such as citations from obscure texts or knowledge of readings published after 2020.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI then had the students reflect upon the process of cowriting: what worked, what was harder, whether they would use this in the future,\u201d Herington says. \u201cI think it\u2019s important for students to explore the capacities and limits of these models. They aren\u2019t magic. They do some things very well, but lots of higher-level tasks\u2014the ones we care about in upper-level philosophy\u2014are beyond them.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/writing.rochester.edu\/people\/tinelli_liz\/index.html\">Liz Tinelli<\/a>, an associate professor and the graduate writing project coordinator in the Writing, Speaking, and Argument Program, uses ChatGPT in a few courses. In Impacts of Engineering, students ask the AI chatbot to identify advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence. And in Communicating Your Professional Identity, students draft an abstract for a technical project, prompt the chatbot to modify it for different audiences, and then compare versions based on writing style and content.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI\u2019m asking students to explore and critically examine the implications of authorship and effective academic writing when using digital tools such as GPT,\u201d Tinelli says. \u201cIn Writing for a Digital World, students explore the ethical complexities of authorship and attribution when generating texts using AI. And in Impacts of Engineering, we aren\u2019t just asking for output. Students are critically engaging with output to learn how to ask better questions and identify specific audiences who care about the answers.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"pullquote\"><span style=\"font-size: 400%;\">\u201c<\/span>You think of earlier disruptive technology like the calculator and spellcheck. This is like that, only on ultra, ultra steroids.\u201d<\/div>\n<p>To fulfill these learning objectives, Tinelli says students must be active participants in their own learning\u2014not passive consumers of AI-generated information. \u201cUltimately, my goal is to help students critically evaluate and navigate the effective and responsible use of these tools,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cs.rochester.edu\/people\/faculty\/purtee_adam\/index.html\">Adam Purtee<\/a> \u201919 (PhD), an assistant professor of computer science, has returned to in-class quizzes for the first time since before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. \u201cI\u2019m changing all of my assignments to involve more high-level concepts and more integrative knowledge,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>Purtee\u2019s message is clear: \u201cI want the student to know this information. The best way to do that is to get them alone in a room with a pencil and see what happens.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Likewise, Kanan introduced his first in-class, on-paper midterm since pre-pandemic last fall. \u201cIt just becomes harder to sort out who knows what and who\u2019s getting help from things like ChatGPT,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>Remmel says Rochester professors are likely to react to ChatGPT in different ways depending on the familiarity of the instructor with the AI chatbot as well as the learning objectives for a given course.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMy hope is that professors and students will weigh the pros and cons for each course,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_551792\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-551792\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-551792 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-traffic-lights-yellow-david-guenther-unsplash-630x420.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up of a traffic signal with the yellow light lit up in a city. \" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-traffic-lights-yellow-david-guenther-unsplash-630x420.jpg 630w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-traffic-lights-yellow-david-guenther-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-traffic-lights-yellow-david-guenther-unsplash.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-551792\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cThere isn\u2019t yet a consensus at Rochester or in higher education in general on how [ChatGPT] may be used, and whether it\u2019s mostly acceptable or unacceptable,\u201d says Greer Murphy, director of academic honesty for Arts, Sciences &amp; Engineering at the University. (Unsplash photo \/ David Guenthner)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>ChatGPT and other AI chatbots are in the \u2018yellow\u2019 category of the academic honesty team\u2019s<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rochester.app.box.com\/s\/4axjoc5nszk4lnkdyiz698hj6iwh198m\">assessment of online learning tools<\/a>. That means students should proceed with caution.\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Why yellow, on the green-yellow-red scale? The categories were created by administrators in the Writing, Speaking, and Argument Program, but reviewed by the Academic Honesty office.<\/p>\n<p>Says Murphy: \u201cOne reason is, there isn\u2019t yet a consensus at Rochester or in higher education in general on how it may be used, and whether it\u2019s mostly acceptable or unacceptable. It\u2019s a tool we continue to react to. Putting it in the green category would signal it\u2019s always OK to use it. Putting it in the red category would mean it\u2019s never OK, which eliminates instructor discretion.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>AS&amp;E recently created an <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/college\/honesty\/assets\/pdf\/chatgpt-ai-guidance-for-instructors.pdf\">instructors\u2019 guide (PDF)<\/a> for choosing when (or if) to use ChatGPT and other AI chatbots in the classroom\u2014or give students permission to use it. The takeaway for faculty and instructors? Be practical, be transparent, be consistent, be responsible\u2014and be mentors.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_551762\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-551762\" style=\"width: 419px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-551762 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-deborah-rossen-knill-419x630.jpg\" alt=\"Deborah Rossen-Knill stands in front of a Writing, Speaking, and Argument class with students seated nearby.\" width=\"419\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-deborah-rossen-knill-419x630.jpg 419w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-deborah-rossen-knill-768x1154.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/inline-deborah-rossen-knill.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-551762\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cThere\u2019s just an endless set of possibilities\u201d when it comes to using ChatGPT and other generative AI technologies in the classroom, says Deborah Rossen-Knill, director of Rochester\u2019s Writing, Speaking, and Argument Program. (University of Rochester photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>Spelling out the rules\u2014and the rationale behind them\u2014can help prevent academic dishonesty<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u201cSome classroom goals will fit well with ChatGPT, while others will not,\u201d Remmel says. \u201cWe want students to always check with instructors, so they don\u2019t end up in trouble. Not every professor will have the same rules, but every professor should spell out the do\u2019s and don\u2019ts in terms of using ChatGPT and other AI chatbots.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Murphy encourages faculty members to go further, spelling out \u201cnot just what your policies are, but why and how they\u2019re related to your course outcomes. If writing is not a part of that outcome, maybe think about smart, ethical use of GPT as something you would permit.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Murphy stresses that it\u2019s important for professors to understand that these are tools many students will use\u2014with or without appropriate guidance. \u201cTo me, it\u2019s just not realistic to try preventing their usage,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s far more important to teach students how to use them safely and effectively.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The upshots of using ChatGPT and other generative AI technologies in the classroom<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Rossen-Knill says ChatGPT and other generative AI technologies can help students learn things that aren\u2019t always easy to teach. \u201cThere are many ways to write a book summary, and it\u2019s sometimes hard to help students see they have a range of choices and perspectives,\u201d she says. \u201cBut in a classroom, using ChatGPT, you could create three versions summarizing Edgar Allan Poe\u2019s \u2018The\u00a0Tell-Tale Heart\u2019\u00a0that look incredibly different, and it immediately helps students see that you have choices. What works about this one? And that one?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Other school aids have been around for a long time. Photomath allows students to take pictures of math problems and receive the answers. Humanities papers have been sold for years. So, what makes ChatGPT different?<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s not that it\u2019s more sophisticated,\u201d Remmel says. \u201cIt\u2019s more accessible and will be more commonplace. It\u2019s a free (for now), extremely fast chatbot using technology that will likely be built into many commonly used software products in the future. ChatGPT poses different questions than conventional cheating industry products, as AI chatbots will be used in many settings.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The technology behind AI chatbots like ChatGPT is changing rapidly<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Generative AI technology is evolving at an incredibly fast pace. Purtee recently created a \u201ctricky\u201d homework assignment for first-year students. He tested it against ChatGPT, and the bot couldn\u2019t answer correctly.<\/p>\n<p>Two weeks later, a student turned in the assignment. \u201cHere\u2019s my code,\u201d the student told Purtee, \u201cbut I also checked to see what ChatGPT came up with, and that one is much shorter and looks better. Which should I turn in?\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"pullquote\"><span style=\"font-size: 400%;\">\u201c<\/span>It\u2019s important for students to explore the capacities and limits of these models. They aren\u2019t magic.\u201d<\/div>\n<p>Purtee was taken aback after checking the results.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s a little surreal that ChatGPT can solve a problem it couldn\u2019t solve two weeks before. In a sense, it\u2019s stronger than some of my intro students,\u201d he says. \u201cThis is not a criticism of my students. They\u2019ve had only two weeks to absorb this knowledge and learn a new skill, while ChatGPT has been trained on practically the entire internet.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In moments like these, ChatGPT can lead to a teaching moment.\u00a0\u201cSomehow it offends my humanity to have a teaching assistant grade this work by a bot,\u201d Purtee told the student. \u201cLook at your work and look at what ChatGPT did. See what you like about this solution and revise your work before turning it in.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>And it\u2019s not just classrooms being disrupted by such AI technologies.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere are many companies and start-ups creating these systems now,\u201d Kanan says. \u201cBroadly, generative AI methods, such as large language models, are one of the hottest topics in AI because they are having real-world impact. Blogging companies and news outlets are now using them to produce content, and this is going to happen more and more. These systems are changing industries, and I foresee that in a few years they will be used to create many products. One of my students just won a hackathon using ideas inspired by ToolFormer [a language model developed by researchers at Meta], which enabled control of a drone with natural language.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3><strong>AI chatbots: friends or foes in higher education?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u201cI believe 100 percent that it can be a positive,\u201d Rossen-Knill says. \u201cBut I also feel 100 percent that some will choose to use it in a negative way. Still, the heart of teaching is working with those who truly want to learn and collaborating to create new things. I don\u2019t think that will change.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Kanan says the answer depends on what consumers do with the technology.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere are so many amazing applications that will open doors,\u201d he says. \u201cBut it\u2019s going to be disruptive to so many things. Pedagogy is the one thing professors are worried about. I was talking to a professor at another university. He fed ChatGPT a test, and it got an 80.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Remmel says educators and students eventually will reach a common approach to where AI chatbots fit in. \u201cBut things are still fluid at this point,\u201d she says. \u201cAnd as technologies keep evolving, there will no doubt be another technology that will come along as a disruptor in the future. I still have a fundamental belief in universities as a place where human communities come together to learn and innovate, so I don\u2019t think ChatGPT poses any risk to higher education\u2019s fundamental value, even if it might change how we approach doing some of our teaching and learning.\u201d<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Read more<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"large-up-3\">\n<div class=\"column\" style=\"padding-left: 0px;\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/virtual-patient-sophie-prepares-doctors-for-end-of-life-conversations-485392\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/fea-SOPHIE-AI.jpg\" alt=\"person sitting at a computer looking at a screen with an AI avatar that looks like another person, demostrating having an online conversation.\" \/><strong>A new way to prepare doctors for difficult conversations<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: .9em;\">University of Rochester researchers have developed SOPHIE, a virtual \u2018patient\u2019 that trains doctors in explaining end-of-life options.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"column\" style=\"padding-left: 0px;\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/large-language-models-gpt-4-chemistry-560262\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/fea-large-language-models-gpt-4-chemistry.jpg\" alt=\"Robot's hand holds a test tube of green liquid.\" \/><strong>Large language models could be the catalyst for a new era of chemistry<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: .9em;\">Chemical engineer Andrew D. White explains why large language models like GPT-4 will open new frontiers for researchers.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"column\" style=\"padding-left: 0px;\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/play-a-bach-using-artificial-intelligence-524452\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/fea-bach-artificial-intelligence.jpg\" alt=\"robot hands playing notes on piano keyboard.\" \/><strong>Play a Bach duet with an AI counterpoint<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: .9em;\">BachDuet, developed by\u00a0University of Rochester researchers, allows users to improvise duets with an artificial intelligence partner.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>University administrators and faculty weigh in on the pros and cons of the newest online learning tool.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":672,"featured_media":551552,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[24292,18802,21482,29502,18632,16072,31812],"class_list":["post-551522","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-campus-community","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-department-of-computer-science","tag-department-of-philosophy","tag-featured-post-side","tag-hajim-school-of-engineering-and-applied-sciences","tag-school-of-arts-and-sciences","tag-writing-speaking-and-argument-program"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How will AI chatbots like ChatGPT affect higher education?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"University administrators and faculty weigh in on the pros and cons 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