{"id":557192,"date":"2023-04-27T14:50:22","date_gmt":"2023-04-27T18:50:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=557192"},"modified":"2024-02-20T16:05:39","modified_gmt":"2024-02-20T21:05:39","slug":"photosynthesis-hydrogen-fuel-clean-energy-production-557192","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/photosynthesis-hydrogen-fuel-clean-energy-production-557192\/","title":{"rendered":"Unlocking the power of photosynthesis for clean energy production"},"content":{"rendered":"

A new grant will allow Rochester researchers to leverage bacteria and nanomaterials to mimic photosynthesis and produce clean-burning hydrogen fuel.<\/h2>\n

As the world faces an increasing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources, scientists are turning to the power of photosynthesis for inspiration. With the goal of developing new, environmentally friendly techniques to produce clean-burning hydrogen fuel, a team of researchers at the University of Rochester<\/a> is embarking on a groundbreaking project to mimic the natural process of photosynthesis using bacteria to deliver electrons to a nanocrystal semiconductor photocatalyst.<\/p>\n

By leveraging the unique properties of both microorganisms and nanomaterials, the project has the potential to replace current approaches that derive hydrogen from fossil fuels, revolutionizing the way hydrogen fuel is produced and unlocking a powerful source of renewable energy.<\/p>\n

The Rochester team, led by Kara Bren<\/a>, the Richard S. Eisenberg Professor in Chemistry, along with Todd Krauss<\/a>, a professor of chemistry; Anne S. Meyer<\/a>, an associate professor of biology; and Andrew White<\/a>, an associate professor of chemical engineering, received a nearly $2 million, three-year grant from the US Department of Energy (DOE) to create their \u201cliving bio-nano system\u201d to produce solar hydrogen.<\/p>\n

\u201cHydrogen is definitely a fuel of high interest for the DOE right now,\u201d Bren says. \u201cIf we can figure out a way to efficiently extract hydrogen from water, this could lead to an incredible amount of growth in clean energy.\u201d<\/p>\n

Why is hydrogen a promising fuel source?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Hydrogen is \u201can ideal fuel,\u201d Bren says, \u201cbecause it\u2019s environmentally-friendly and a carbon-free alternative to fossil fuels.\u201d<\/p>\n

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and can be produced from a variety of sources, including water, natural gas, and biomass.<\/p>\n

Unlike fossil fuels, which produce greenhouse gases and other pollutants, when hydrogen is burned, the only byproduct is water vapor. Hydrogen fuel also has a high energy density, which means it contains a lot of energy per unit of weight. It can be used in a variety of applications, including fuel cells, and can be made on both small and large scales, making it feasible for everything from home use to industrial manufacturing.<\/p>\n

The nearly $2 million, three-year grant from the US Department of Energy will support the creation of a \u201cliving bio-nano system\u201d to produce solar hydrogen.<\/div>\n

Why is hydrogen fuel difficult to produce?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Despite hydrogen\u2019s abundance, there is virtually no pure hydrogen on Earth; it is almost always bound to other elements, such as carbon or oxygen, in compounds like hydrocarbons and water. To use hydrogen as a fuel source, it must be extracted from these compounds.<\/p>\n

Scientists have historically extracted hydrogen either from fossil fuels, or, more recently, from water. To achieve the latter, there is a major push to employ artificial photosynthesis.<\/p>\n

During natural photosynthesis, plants absorb sunlight, which they use to power chemical reactions to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. In essence, light energy is converted into chemical energy that fuels the organism.<\/p>\n

Similarly, artificial photosynthesis is a process of converting an abundant feedstock and sunlight into a chemical fuel, such as producing hydrogen gas from water. Systems that mimic photosynthesis require three components: a light absorber, a catalyst to make the fuel, and a source of electrons. These systems are typically submerged in water, and a light source provides energy to the light absorber. The energy allows the catalyst to combine the provided electrons together with protons from the surrounding water to produce hydrogen gas.<\/p>\n

Most of the current systems, however, rely on fossil fuels during the production process or don\u2019t have an efficient way to transfer electrons.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe way hydrogen fuel is produced now effectively makes it a fossil fuel,\u201d Bren says. \u201cWe want to get hydrogen from water in a light-driven reaction so we have a truly clean fuel\u2014and do so in a way that we don\u2019t use fossil fuels in the process.\u201d<\/p>\n

What makes the Rochester system unique?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Krauss\u2019s group and Bren\u2019s group have been working for about a decade to develop an efficient system that employs artificial photosynthesis and utilizes semiconductor nanocrystals for light absorbers and catalysts. Semiconductor nanocrystals are tiny crystals made of semiconducting materials. Due to their small size\u2014they are composed of only a few hundred to a few thousand atoms\u2014they have unique properties, which can be easily tuned. Krauss\u2019s lab has made major advances in developing efficient quantum dots, one type of semiconductor nanocrystal.<\/p>\n

\u201cOur role in the project is centered on making the nanoparticles that absorb light, and then conducting measurements of the rates of charge transfer in the system,\u201d Krauss says. \u201cThis will help us figure out how to eventually scale the system and also make it more efficient.\u201d<\/p>\n

Another challenge the researchers faced was figuring out a source of electrons and efficiently transferring the electrons from the electron donor to the nanocrystal. Other systems have used ascorbic acid, commonly known as vitamin C, to deliver electrons back to the system. While vitamin C might seem inexpensive, \u201cyou need a source of electrons that is almost free or the system becomes too expensive,\u201d Krauss says.<\/p>\n

In a paper published in PNAS<\/a>, Krauss and Bren demonstrate an unlikely electron donor: bacteria. They found that Shewanella oneidensis<\/em>, bacteria first gathered from Lake Oneida in upstate New York, offers an effectively free, yet efficient, way to provide electrons to their system.<\/p>\n

While other labs have combined nanostructures and bacteria, \u201call of those efforts are taking electrons from the nanocrystals and putting them into the bacteria, then using the bacterial machinery to prepare fuels,\u201d Bren says. \u201cAs far as we know, ours is the first case to go the opposite way and use the bacteria as an electron source to a nanocrystal catalyst.\u201d<\/p>\n

What makes bacteria an efficient electron donor?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

When bacteria grow under anaerobic conditions\u2014conditions without oxygen\u2014they respire cellular substances as fuel, releasing electrons in the process. Shewanella oneidensis<\/em> can take electrons generated by its own internal metabolism and donate them to the external catalyst.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis technique is really promising because it can produce hydrogen energy efficiently while relying only upon sustainable sources for electrons and energy,\u201d says Meyer, whose lab has previously worked with Shewanella oneidensis<\/em> to produce materials with unique properties. In this project, her lab is designing and creating new strains of Shewanella<\/em> that will have enhanced abilities to transfer electrons. They will apply their pioneering 3D printing techniques to print living material that can incorporate quantum dots.<\/p>\n

\u201cBy combining our engineered Shewanella<\/em> bacteria together with the photocatalyst developed by the Bren and Krauss labs, we will be able to create physically robust, long-lived materials that will make the hydrogen production reaction faster and more efficient,\u201d Meyer says.<\/p>\n

Because the system is so complex, White\u2019s lab will use machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques to determine which factors and variables could be changed to optimize the system; for instance, predicting which 3D-printed geometries will be the most likely to produce hydrogen more efficiently.<\/p>\n

Pursuing both basic and applied science<\/strong><\/h3>\n

While the ultimate goal is to develop a better system for producing hydrogen fuel, Bren is also committed to understanding the basic science behind the project.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor example,\u201d she says, \u201chow can we most effectively get the electrons from the bacteria to the quantum dots? How do nanomaterials and microorganisms work together?\u201d<\/p>\n

Bren envisions that, in the future, individual homes could potentially have vats and underground tanks to harness the power of the sun and produce and store small batches of hydrogen, allowing people to power their homes and cars with inexpensive, clean-burning fuel. Bren notes there are currently trains, buses, and cars powered by hydrogen fuel cells but almost all the hydrogen that is available to power these systems comes from fossil fuels.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe technology\u2019s out there,\u201d she says, \u201cbut until the hydrogen\u2019s coming from water in a light-driven reaction\u2014without using fossil fuels\u2014it isn\u2019t really helping the environment.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

Read more<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n
\n

\"Close-upPerovskites, a \u2018dirt cheap\u2019 alternative to silicon, just got a lot more efficient<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

By harnessing the power of metals, Rochester researchers are making the material an ever more viable replacement for silicon in solar cells and detectors.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"fourWill your future computer be made using bacteria?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Graphene is a revolutionary nanomaterial, the discovery of which led to a Nobel Prize. By mixing graphite with bacteria, Rochester scientists are making graphene easier and more environmentally friendly to produce.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"portraitRochester researchers join national initiative to advance quantum science<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Rochester researchers led by Todd Krauss, a professor of chemistry, are joining a major US Department of Energy-funded initiative to advance quantum science and technology.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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