{"id":573312,"date":"2023-11-07T13:46:14","date_gmt":"2023-11-07T18:46:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=573312"},"modified":"2023-12-15T10:51:06","modified_gmt":"2023-12-15T15:51:06","slug":"vicious-cycle-depression-cause-and-consequence-of-stress-573312","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/vicious-cycle-depression-cause-and-consequence-of-stress-573312\/","title":{"rendered":"Vicious cycle: Depression as both cause and consequence of stress"},"content":{"rendered":"

A meta-analysis finds the established stress generation model applies not only to depression but also to other mental health disorders.<\/h2>\n

Angela Santee<\/a> studies stress. For several years, the University of Rochester<\/a> graduate student in psychology had been sifting through research on stress generation and depression, working on a rigorous meta-analysis. Mentored by Lisa Starr<\/a>, an associate professor in the Rochester Department of Psychology<\/a>, Santee wondered if existing studies would bear out the stress generation model<\/a> that had been developed in 1991 by University of California, Los Angeles, psychology professor Constance Hammen<\/a>\u2014who, in turn, had been Starr\u2019s postdoctoral mentor.<\/p>\n

\"portrait
Angela Santee. Photo by Yeager Anderson<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

While Hammen\u2019s model had spawned plenty of research over the past three decades, the resulting literature had never been quantitatively summarized. A worthwhile undertaking, both Santee and her thesis advisor Starr believed.<\/p>\n

Yet, unbeknown to them and some 2,800 miles to the northwest, Katerina Rnic<\/a>, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, was doing exactly the same.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s definitely a moment where your stomach drops. It\u2019s a nerve-racking realization,\u201d says Santee.<\/p>\n

At that point, Santee and her advisor Starr had already sunk years into the data research and were mere months away from completing it. Would she have to walk away and abandon the project, she wondered.<\/p>\n

After a moment (or two) of panic on both sides of the border, the researchers decided to join forces instead, with British Columbia\u2019s Rnic and Rochester\u2019s Santee taking the lead. In total, the combined team looked at a whopping 95 longitudinal studies, spanning 38,228 study participants, and more than 30 years of research.<\/p>\n

The resulting coauthored meta-analysis<\/a>, published in the Psychological Bulletin<\/em>, was admittedly \u201cquite an endeavor, but ultimately strengthened the science,\u201d says Starr, a senior coauthor,\u00a0 whose research centers on the origins and consequences of depression and anxiety disorders in adolescents and adults.<\/p>\n

Verifying the long-established model of stress generation<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\"gif
University of Rochester graphic \/\/ Julia Joshpe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Indeed, the new quantitative US-Canadian meta-analysis concludes, in line with Hammen\u2019s model, that psychopathology\u2014such as mental illness or disorders, including depression\u2014does predict dependent<\/em> stressful life events (events that the person, at least in part, contributed to) more strongly than it predicts independent <\/em>(fateful) events. In other words, those who suffer from mental disorders are more likely to find themselves in stressful situations of their own making.<\/p>\n

Psychologists refer to this phenomenon as stress generation<\/em>, in which the depressed person is an active contributor rather than a passive player in their own environment.<\/p>\n

\u201cPeople with depression might be more likely to have arguments with others, or put off completing important tasks at work or home,\u201d explains co-lead author Rnic. \u201cThis can lead to more stressors in their relationships, work, education, finances, health\u2014all domains of life.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yet, the team found that the theory of stress generation not only holds for people with depression but also across many other mental health disorders, such as anxiety, personality disorders, substance use, and childhood disruptive disorders.<\/p>\n

Read more on the team\u2019s findings in this spotlight<\/a> by the American Psychological Association.<\/div>\n

\u201cWe saw that people with mental disorders experienced more dependent stressors than those without mental disorders,\u201d Rnic says, which suggests that \u201cpeople with mental disorders are actively generating greater stressors.\u201d<\/p>\n

The finding is crucial, the team argues, because it means that people have some agency over the amount of stress they experience.<\/p>\n

Importantly, the new meta-analysis offers strong evidence that stress generation seems to act as a factor that maintains and feeds a person\u2019s depression. \u201cThis finding is crucial because the major reason that depression is such a burden on society is that it\u2019s a recurrent and often chronic problem,\u201d Starr notes.<\/p>\n

Breaking the vicious cycle <\/strong><\/h3>\n

Being able to target the self-perpetuating generation of stress with specific interventions may improve a person\u2019s mental illness or psychological disorder. That\u2019s why the researchers embarked on a second undertaking: trying to isolate the specific processes that contribute to the occurrence of life stress. Treatments that target stress generation could reduce \u201cthe personal and economic cost of mental disorders,\u201d the team writes, noting that stress generation is \u201cmalleable.\u201d<\/p>\n

The result is a second meta-analysis<\/a>, published in Clinical Psychology Review<\/em><\/a>, which looked at both the modifiable risk and protective factors in stress generation, incorporating the findings of 70 studies with nearly 40,000 participants in total, and spanning again more than 30 years of research. The team found common risk factors that predict a person\u2019s stress generation over time, including personal traits and behaviors commonly associated with mental disorders, ineffective interpersonal emotion regulation (such as seeking excessive reassurance from others), repetitive negative thoughts (including ruminating and worrying), excessive standards for oneself, and the tendency to withdraw or avoid challenging situations or social interactions.<\/p>\n

Addressing these risk factors in treatment approaches, the authors argue, may be crucial to breaking the vicious cycle of stress generation. The team also noted that preventive factors remained understudied.<\/p>\n

Yet, the silver lining that became clear during the analysis is that dependent stress is moldable and that people have agency.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s a powerful realization that some of the stressors we experience are within our control and so, theoretically, we can act to control how much stress we experience and the impact of that stress on us,\u201d Santee says. \u201cWe all have the ability to shape our worlds.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ultimately, the cross-border, cross-institutional collaborative approach, which also involved other researchers from Rochester, British Columbia, and the University of Western Ontario, improved the project.<\/p>\n

\u201cRather than racing to be first to publish, which is very stressful in itself, we decided to make the science stronger,\u201d Santee says. \u201cWe finished sooner and really accomplished much more together.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

Read more<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n
\n

\"aTeenagers\u2019 ability to describe negative emotions protects against depression<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

A Rochester study shows that teenagers who can describe their emotions in precise and nuanced ways are better protected against depression than their peers who can\u2019t.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"PensiveHelping teens channel stress, grow in resilience<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Psychologists develop a tool to help teens turn everyday stressors that could lead to anxiety and depression into a positive force instead.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"twoFeeling blue? Grab your friends and have fun, say researchers<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

For those suffering from dysphoria, a Rochester study has found that experiencing or even just anticipating uplifting events in daily life was related to feeling less depressed that same day.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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