{"id":600592,"date":"2024-04-05T11:30:41","date_gmt":"2024-04-05T15:30:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=600592"},"modified":"2024-04-05T11:30:41","modified_gmt":"2024-04-05T15:30:41","slug":"what-is-dark-energy-desi-expanding-universe-600592","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/what-is-dark-energy-desi-expanding-universe-600592\/","title":{"rendered":"DESI first-year data delivers unprecedented measurements of expanding universe"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Scientists have analyzed the first batch of data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument\u2019s quest to map the universe and unravel the mysteries of dark energy.<\/h2>\n<p>With 5,000 tiny robots in a mountaintop telescope, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.desi.lbl.gov\/\">Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI)<\/a> allows researchers to gaze 11 billion years into the past. The light from far-flung objects in space is just now reaching DESI, enabling scientists to map the cosmos as it was in its youth while also tracing its growth. Understanding how the universe has evolved is tied to one of the biggest mysteries in physics: dark energy, which researchers hypothesize is driving the universe\u2019s expansion.<\/p>\n<p>DESI is an international science collaboration involving more than 800 scientists from around the globe. Among them are researchers from the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/\">University of Rochester<\/a>\u2019s cosmology group, an interdisciplinary group that includes professors, postdoctoral research associates, graduate students, and undergraduates from physics, astronomy, data science, and computer science. The group is co-led by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.rochester.edu\/pas\/people\/faculty\/demina_regina\/index.html\">Regina Demina<\/a>, a professor of physics; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.rochester.edu\/pas\/people\/faculty\/benzvi_segev\/index.html\">Segev BenZvi<\/a>, an associate professor of physics; and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.rochester.edu\/pas\/people\/faculty\/douglass-kelly\/index.html\">Kelly Douglass<\/a>, an assistant professor of physics and astronomy (instructional).<\/p>\n<div class=\"pullquote\"><span style=\"font-size: 400%;\">\u201c<\/span>DESI\u2019s year-one sample of galaxies and quasars is already six times larger than the combined measurements of <em>all<\/em> previous spectroscopic surveys conducted over the last 40 years.\u201d<\/div>\n<p>DESI is currently in the midst of a five-year quest to measure 40 million galaxies and quasars and create the largest 3D map of the cosmos ever constructed, with the most precise measurements to date. The instrument began its survey in 2021, and researchers recently announced their analysis of the first year of collected data, including measurements of the expansion rate and composition of the universe. They published their analysis in <a href=\"https:\/\/data.desi.lbl.gov\/doc\/papers\/\">multiple papers on arXiv<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe DESI data is an enormous increase in size over anything that we\u2019ve collected before,\u201d Douglass says. \u201cDESI\u2019s year-one sample of galaxies and quasars is already six times larger than the combined measurements of <em>all <\/em>previous spectroscopic surveys conducted over the last 40 years.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>And the year-one data is just the beginning, Demina adds: \u201cThe full dataset will enable us to take a closer look at the very dawn of our universe\u2014a period when the universe went through a rapid exponential expansion.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_600672\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-600672\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-600672\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/inline-desi-dark-energy-zbrown_mayall_fisheye.jpg\" alt=\"Fish-eye lens view of a Rochester graduate student smiling at the camera with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, which is used to detect dark energy, in the background.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/inline-desi-dark-energy-zbrown_mayall_fisheye.jpg 640w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/inline-desi-dark-energy-zbrown_mayall_fisheye-630x420.jpg 630w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-600672\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>AFTER DARK MATTER:<\/strong> University of Rochester PhD student Zack Brown completed a shift at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona in October 2023. The DESI instrument\u2014the cylindrical black apparatus\u2014is mounted on the retrofitted Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak. (Photo credit: Ann Elliott, Ohio State University)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><strong>Optical eyes on the skies<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The DESI instrument resides at the retrofitted Mayall Telescope at the National Science Foundation\u2019s Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona. The instrument incorporates optics that increase the field of view of the telescope and includes 5,000 robotically controlled optical fibers to gather spectroscopic data from objects in the telescope\u2019s field of view and survey the three-dimensional positions of galaxies and quasars in the universe.<\/p>\n<p>The Rochester group has been part of DESI since 2017. Group members played key roles in commissioning and operating the instrument, including developing and troubleshooting software to ensure the 5,000 fibers are optimally pointed at their targets.<\/p>\n<p>Rochester group members also significantly contributed to validating the year-one data, including studying systematic uncertainties\u2014potential errors or variations\u2014that could affect the measurements, to better ensure the accuracy and reliability of the findings.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Decoding the universe\u2019s expansion\u2014and dark energy<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>DESI is built to measure baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO)\u2014huge bubble-like structures that galaxies follow, formed by conditions shortly after the Big Bang. In its first year, DESI used 5.7 million galaxies and quasars from its spectroscopic sample to measure the size of the BAO and estimate how fast the universe is expanding, a quantity known as Hubble\u2019s Constant.<\/p>\n<p>The BAO are also used to constrain the densities of dark matter and dark energy. Scientists long believed the universe was expanding at a constant rate, but <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1086\/307221\">in 1999<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1086\/300499\">the expansion rate was found to be accelerating<\/a>. Dark energy is hypothesized to be driving the acceleration.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_600692\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-600692\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-600692\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/inline-desi-dark-energy-MG-9353-CC.jpg\" alt=\"The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) pointed upward toward the night sky to make observations.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/inline-desi-dark-energy-MG-9353-CC.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/inline-desi-dark-energy-MG-9353-CC-630x378.jpg 630w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/inline-desi-dark-energy-MG-9353-CC-193x117.jpg 193w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/inline-desi-dark-energy-MG-9353-CC-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/inline-desi-dark-energy-MG-9353-CC-1536x922.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/inline-desi-dark-energy-MG-9353-CC-1920x1152.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-600692\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>WATCH THIS SPACE:<\/strong> DESI making observations in the night sky. The Rochester group has been part of DESI since 2017, with members having played key roles in commissioning and operating the instrument. (Credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/noirlab.edu\/public\/images\/MG-9353-CC\/\">KPNO\/NOIRLab\/NSF\/AURA\/T. Slovinsk\u00fd<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Some theories suggest that one or more scalar fields (invisible forces that expand the universe), similar to the scalar field hypothesized to drive the inflationary growth of the universe shortly after the Big Bang, contribute to dark energy.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSo far, only one scalar field is known to humankind\u2014the Higgs field,\u201d says Demina, who was part of the team that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/university-of-rochester-plays-key-roles-in-search-for-higgs-boson\/\">discovered the Higgs field in 2012<\/a> using the <a href=\"https:\/\/home.cern\/news\/press-release\/cern\/new-results-indicate-particle-discovered-cern-higgs-boson\">Large Hadron Collider at CERN<\/a> in Switzerland. \u201cNow is the time to check if there are more such fields.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Another question DESI seeks to answer is whether dark energy has a constant value everywhere in the universe\u2014known as a cosmological constant\u2014or if its properties differ in time and space. While DESI\u2019s year-one BAO measurements are compatible with a cosmological constant, they slightly favor a model that suggests dark energy is an evolving or \u201cdynamical\u201d field.<\/p>\n<p>According to BenZvi, \u201cThe evidence in favor of evolving dark energy could be very interesting, but it could also be a chance fluctuation. We can\u2019t be sure until we look at the next batch of data. The current estimate is late 2025 for the next release.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><em>Led by researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in California, <\/em><em>DESI is supported by the US Department of Energy Office of Science and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science user facility. Additional support is provided by the US National Science Foundation, the Science and Technologies Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico, the Ministry of Economy of Spain, and by the DESI member institutions.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scientists have analyzed the first batch of data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument\u2019s quest to map the universe and unravel the mysteries of dark energy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":912,"featured_media":600682,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[18662,37332,18572,16072,24832],"class_list":["post-600592","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-department-of-physics-and-astronomy","tag-regina-demina","tag-research-finding","tag-school-of-arts-and-sciences","tag-segev-benzvi"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>DESI first-year data delivers unprecedented measurements of expanding universe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists have analyzed the first batch of data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument\u2019s to help unravel the mysteries of dark energy.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/what-is-dark-energy-desi-expanding-universe-600592\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"DESI first-year data delivers unprecedented measurements of expanding universe\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scientists have analyzed the first batch of data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument\u2019s to help unravel the mysteries of dark energy.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/what-is-dark-energy-desi-expanding-universe-600592\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"News Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-04-05T15:30:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/fea-noirlab-mayall-desi-1-dark-energy-1200x630.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Lindsey Valich\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Lindsey Valich\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/what-is-dark-energy-desi-expanding-universe-600592\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/what-is-dark-energy-desi-expanding-universe-600592\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Lindsey Valich\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/fcd7d29a5b8e855924bf73b764dcd827\"},\"headline\":\"DESI first-year data delivers unprecedented measurements of expanding universe\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-04-05T15:30:41+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/what-is-dark-energy-desi-expanding-universe-600592\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1013,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/what-is-dark-energy-desi-expanding-universe-600592\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.rochester.edu\\\/newscenter\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/fea-noirlab-mayall-desi-1-dark-energy.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Department of Physics and Astronomy\",\"Regina Demina\",\"research finding\",\"School of Arts and Sciences\",\"Segev BenZvi\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science &amp; 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