{"id":696592,"date":"2026-03-09T13:21:32","date_gmt":"2026-03-09T17:21:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=696592"},"modified":"2026-03-09T13:21:32","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T17:21:32","slug":"harriet-washington-medical-ethicist-rewrites-the-record-696592","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/harriet-washington-medical-ethicist-rewrites-the-record-696592\/","title":{"rendered":"A medical ethicist rewrites the record"},"content":{"rendered":"

Historian Harriet Washington \u201976 discovered her power for reading between the lines in the URochester library archives.<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u201cWhat is past is prologue,\u201d wrote William Shakespeare in The Tempest<\/em>, one of his final plays. As an undergraduate student at the University of Rochester<\/a>, Harriet Washington \u201976 found herself poring over the confessional physician narratives at Rush Rhees Library and the version of events they captured. That formative experience would lead to a career reopening the medical history record for closer examination. Who compiled it, and to what ends? Who has trained the lens, and to whose exclusion? And critically, why do events of the last several centuries loom so large today?<\/p>\n

As a leading historian of medicine and bioethicist, Washington is known for work that insists on accuracy over nostalgia, complexity over comfort. With her seventh book to be published in 2027, she examines how medical practices are shaped by culture, power, and race, and how those legacies persist for patients and caregivers today. Along the way, she has rescued overlooked figures from obscurity\u2014and helped unseat others, literally, from their pedestals. (Specifically, the James Marion Sims statue in New York City\u2019s Central Park\u2014more on this later.)<\/p>\n

Where \u2018competing passions\u2019 converge<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Originally from Fort Dix, New Jersey, Washington arrived at URochester in 1972 with what she mistook for competing passions. \u201cI had a deep love for history and kinship with the past, but didn\u2019t see what practical use I could put to it,\u201d she recalls. \u201cI also had a desire to become a physician.\u201d<\/p>\n

At URochester, Washington studied with three influential professors who clarified her career path and passion: \u201cto somehow meld literature, history, and medicine.\u201d<\/p>\n

The first was Margaret Perry, who introduced Washington to the writers of the Harlem Renaissance. Perry, hired in 1970 to lead the University\u2019s Education Library, served as an assistant professor of English as well as the acting director of University Libraries. Among other works, Perry authored The Harlem Renaissance: An Annotated Biography and Commentary<\/em> (Garland Publishing, 1982) and The Short Fiction of Rudolph Fisher<\/em> (Greenwood Press, 1987). Fisher, an early radiologist, musician, and writer, would become one of three subjects of Washington\u2019s forthcoming biography, Renaissance Men.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cI was seeing that the history of medicine had been carefully curated to exclude the experience of African Americans, people of color, and poor people. That lit my fire.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Washington also credits Russell Peck<\/a>, the prominent medieval scholar who spent more than five decades at URochester. \u201cHe really encouraged my interest in not only medieval history, but also the value of history in fully understanding the present,\u201d she says. And finally, R. Carey Macintosh, author of The Evolution of English Prose, 1700\u20131800: Style, Politeness, and Print Culture <\/em>(Cambridge University Press, 1998),<\/em> was \u201cvery supportive of me at a critical juncture,\u201d drawing out both content and confidence.<\/p>\n

The physician confessional literature at Rush Rhees Library \u201cwas full of doctors who bragged about their exploits in foreign lands, bringing the \u2018blessings\u2019 of Western medicine,\u201d she recalls. While these stories were moving, she says, something in their tone bothered her: disdain for women, people of color, and other cultures written off as simple-minded. \u201cWhen I would raise this issue, people would become angry with me…. \u2018You have no degree in history. Be gone.\u2019 That was frustrating for me, but I knew I was onto something.\u201d<\/p>\n

A detective at work in the archives<\/strong><\/h3>\n

At the University\u2019s Strong Memorial Hospital, Washington continued reading between the lines\u2014this time, of files for patients awaiting kidney transplants. Were they thick or thin? Did they say, \u201cloving family, stable job,\u201d or just include a curt advisory to prepare this patient for \u201cimminent demise\u201d?<\/p>\n

\u201cI felt like a detective. I was finding information. I was exposing something. I was proposing solutions. I was seeing patterns that people had not seen before. I was seeing that the history of medicine had been carefully curated to exclude the experience of African Americans, people of color, and poor people. That lit my fire. I knew that someone had to find out why it happened, and how to reverse it.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"A<\/p>\n

Washington tapped into that spirit of inquiry to become a noted journalist, author, and medical ethicist. Her book\u00a0Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present<\/em> (Doubleday)\u00a0<\/em>won the 2007\u00a0National Book Critics Circle Award<\/a>\u00a0for nonfiction. In 2019, she published A Terrible Thing to Waste: Environmental Racism and Its Assault on the American Mind.<\/em> And in 2021, her Carte Blanche: The Erosion of Medical Consent<\/em> (Columbia Global Reports) drew praise from author Ibram X. Kendi as \u201curgent, alarming, riveting, and essential.\u201d<\/p>\n

Washington has been a fellow in ethics at Harvard Medical School, a fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a senior research scholar at the National Center for Bioethics at Tuskegee University. She now teaches bioethics at Columbia University.<\/p>\n

Tripling down on history<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Renaissance Men,<\/em> Washington\u2019s first biography\u2014and a triple one at that\u2014tells the story of three Black physicians who transformed American medicine while contending with daunting barriers: Fisher, James McCune Smith, and Louis T. Wright. Smith, denied entry to US medical schools, earned his medical degree from the University of Glasgow in 1837 and became a leading abolitionist intellectual. Fisher bridged science and art as both a radiologist and Harlem Renaissance cultural figure. Wright, director of surgery at Harlem Hospital, was a pioneering researcher and civil rights activist.<\/p>\n

During a campus visit in fall 2025, Washington received the University\u2019s Frederick Douglass Medal, bestowed on individuals whose scholarship and civic engagement honor the legacy of the famed 19th-century African American abolitionist. University President Sarah Mangelsdorf noted that Washington\u2019s work \u201chas profoundly influenced how we understand the intersection of race, medicine, and ethics. She is one of the most important voices in contemporary bioethics.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Harriet
MEETING THE MOMENT:<\/strong> Washington (left) in conversation with Sarah Mangelsdorf at URochester\u2019s\u00a0Boundless Together Conference in October 2025. (University of Rochester photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Knocking down to build up<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Washington continues to argue for reforms that rebuild trust in healthcare systems, from changing research laws to establishing clear, data-driven policies to ensure equitable patient care, particularly in pain treatment and access to medication.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a difference between nostalgia and history,\u201d she insists. Smallpox vaccination, defibrillator technology, and even the surgery for the congenital heart disorder known as Tetralogy of Fallot (or \u201cblue baby syndrome\u201d) owe a debt to Black ingenuity. Washington, who curates a medical-humanities film series, often screens the 2004 movie Something the Lord Made<\/em>, a biopic of the cardiac inventor Vivien Thomas.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve given many people 400 years\u2019 worth of reasons not <\/em>to trust our healthcare system.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Her research contributed to the successful effort to remove the statue of Dr. J. Marion Sims\u2014the revered obstetric surgeon and \u201cfather of gynecology\u201d\u2014from Central Park in 2018, after renewed scrutiny of his non-consensual experiments on enslaved women. She supported the campaign, largely driven by medical students, while remaining behind the scenes, determined to preserve her credibility as a historian. Still: \u201cEvery time I spoke, I would see a row of older men glowering at me, waiting for the Q&A to jump down my throat.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Statue
FROM RECOGNITION TO RECKONING:<\/strong> Washington\u2019s scholarship contributed to New York City\u2019s decision to remove the statue of J. Marion Sims from Central Park. Many of Sims\u2019 medical breakthroughs came from experimenting on enslaved Black people without anesthesia. (Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Even now, she sees the past playing out, with illnesses like COVID-19 laying bare the disparities of both disease burdens and treatment outcomes. \u201cHow to restore or inculcate patient trust is the most frequently asked question I get,\u201d she says. \u201cI always say, that\u2019s the wrong question. We\u2019ve given many people 400 years\u2019 worth of reasons not <\/em>to trust our healthcare system. The question then becomes: \u2018How do we build a more trustworthy<\/em> healthcare system?\u2019 Having a more complete, inclusive, accurate history of medicine could help significantly.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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