{"id":722752,"date":"2026-10-13T08:56:07","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T12:56:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=722752"},"modified":"2026-10-13T08:56:07","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T12:56:07","slug":"what-is-paleoclimatology-foraminifera-fossils-paleoceanographer-722752","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/what-is-paleoclimatology-foraminifera-fossils-paleoceanographer-722752\/","title":{"rendered":"What tiny fossils tell us about Earth\u2019s changing oceans"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-embed\">\n<div class=\"wp-embed-wrap\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How Are The Oceans Changing?\" width=\"1062\" height=\"597\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jcwm9_WrITI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For paleoceanographer Chiara Borrelli, microscopic fossils buried beneath the seafloor are a window into the oceans of the past\u2014and a changing planet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":912,"featured_media":722792,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[43472,18852,41792,43082,16072,41012],"class_list":["post-722752","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-chiara-borrelli","tag-department-of-earth-and-environmental-sciences","tag-ever-wonder","tag-research-impact-sustains","tag-school-of-arts-and-sciences","tag-videos"],"acf":{"external":"","hide_featured_image":true,"related":"show_related","style":[699302,676652,638682],"content_modules":[{"acf_fc_layout":"text","anchor":"","css_class":"pt-0","title":"","content":"<h2><strong>For paleoceanographer Chiara Borrelli, microscopic fossils buried beneath the seafloor are a window into the oceans of the past\u2014and a changing planet.<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nFor <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/\">University of Rochester<\/a> paleoceanographer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.rochester.edu\/ees\/people\/faculty\/borrelli_chiara\/index.html\">Chiara Borrelli<\/a>, millions of years of Earth history are buried in mud.\r\n\r\nBorrelli, an assistant professor of research and instruction in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.rochester.edu\/ees\/index.html\">Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences<\/a>, studies ancient oceans by examining sediment cores collected from beneath the seafloor and tiny fossils buried within them. Her research is part of paleoclimatology, the study of Earth\u2019s climate in the distant past.\r\n\r\nAnd while a core of ancient mud may not look like a history book, for Borrelli, that\u2019s exactly what it is.\r\n\r\n\u201cI like to think about this as a history book of our planet,\u201d Borrelli says. \u201cAs the mud and all of the components within it accumulate on the seafloor, it recorded what was going on at the time of deposition\u2014ocean currents, ocean chemistry, sea level.\u201d\r\n<h3><strong>What is paleoclimatology?<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nImagine being able to reconstruct a world no human ever saw. That\u2019s essentially the job of a paleoclimatologist: a scientist who studies Earth\u2019s climate in the distant past using natural records preserved in ice, fossils, rocks, and sediment.\r\n\r\nLong before satellites and other modern instruments began taking measurements, the planet was keeping records of its own. And paleoclimatologists learn to read them.\r\n\r\nBorrelli goes even deeper\u2014literally. As a paleoceanographer, she specializes in the oceans, traveling backward through millions of years of sediment to reconstruct how ocean temperatures, circulation, and chemistry and ice volume changed along the way.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_722872\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2000\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-722872\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fea-what-is-paleoclimatology-foraminifera-fossils-paleoceanographer-2026-09-25_Chiara_Borrelli_0055.jpg\" alt=\"Close up of foraminifera microfossils on a mount and held on a gloved fingertip as part of oceanographer Chiara Borrelli's research.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1200\" \/> <strong>LITTLE FOSSILS, BIG WORLD:<\/strong> Foraminifera are organisms that build shells of calcium carbonate. When they die, their shells can settle into the seafloor and remain preserved for millions of years. (URochester photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)[\/caption]\r\n<h3><strong>Foraminifera as \u2018ancient thermometers\u2019<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nOne of Borrelli\u2019s most important tools for reading that record is something so small it takes a microscope to study: organisms called foraminifera that build shells of calcium carbonate. When the organisms die, their shells can settle into the seafloor and remain preserved for millions of years.\r\n\r\n\u201cYou can think about these microfossils as our ancient thermometers,\u201d Borrelli says. \u201cWe can now go back in time and probe and measure environmental parameters and conditions in our ocean.\u201d\r\n\r\nOnce she has collected a sediment core, Borrelli can start piecing together a story from the mud. She isolates the fossils, examines them under a microscope, and analyzes their chemical and isotopic compositions.\r\n<blockquote>\u201cThe speed at which things are changing right now is almost without precedent in the entire geological record.\u201d<\/blockquote>\r\n\u201cTiny fossils are packed with information,\u201d she says.\r\n\r\nThey can reveal ocean conditions when the foraminifera lived, including temperature and chemistry, providing a long-term view of Earth\u2019s climate that modern instruments cannot.\r\n\r\n\u201cToday, we rely on satellite and instrumental records, and they are great,\u201d Borrelli says. \u201cThey give us very precise snapshots of the present. However, we can only use those records to go back decades or centuries.\u201d\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_722882\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2000\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-722882\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fea-what-is-paleoclimatology-foraminifera-fossils-paleoceanographer-2026-09-25_Chiara_Borrelli_0132.jpg\" alt=\"Paleoceanographer Chiara Borrelli and graduate student Adrien Trendell in a darkened room examine high-resolution images of foraminifera microfossils.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1200\" \/> <strong>NATURE PRESERVE:<\/strong> Borrelli and Adrian Trendell (foreground) use a tabletop scanning electron microscope to collect high-resolution images of microfossils. (URochester photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)[\/caption]\r\n<h3><strong>A methane mystery beneath the sea floor <\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThe small fossils also give Borrelli leads in a much more specific mystery: methane, a colorless, odorless gas that is one of today\u2019s main drivers of climate change.\r\n\r\nMarine sediments are one of the largest reservoirs of methane on Earth. The gas can move through the sediments and seep into the ocean, with some potentially reaching the atmosphere as a powerful greenhouse gas. Borrelli uses sediment cores and the isotopic signatures preserved in foraminifera to investigate what causes methane to escape from the seafloor and when the seepage occurred.\r\n\r\nOff the US\u2013Atlantic coast, Borrelli is pursuing a geological mystery. Methane is seeping from the seafloor in places where scientists would not necessarily expect to find it. The region lacks active tectonic plates or obvious underground natural gas reservoirs that might provide an explanation.\r\n\r\nSo Borrelli is looking to the past for answers: Why is methane leaking there? And could it be connected to larger environmental changes, such as the retreat of ice sheets after the last ice age?\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_722902\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2000\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-722902\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fea-what-is-paleoclimatology-foraminifera-fossils-paleoceanographer-2026-09-25_Chiara_Borrelli_0968.jpg\" alt=\"Five beakers filled sediment samples containing foraminifera microfossils soaking in cloudy water to loosen and disaggregate material.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1200\" \/> <strong>TIME FORA(MINIFERA) BATH:<\/strong> Before foraminifera microfossils can be studied, they need to be soaked in water, run through a sieve to remove any clay, and then dried.\u00a0(URochester photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)[\/caption]\r\n<h3><strong>What can the past tell us about the future?<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nMethane is just one example of how a change in one part of Earth\u2019s climate system can reverberate through others.\r\n\r\n\u201cOur planet is a puzzle of components\u2014the oceans, the atmosphere, land, life,\u201d Borrelli says. \u201cAll of these components are in constant communication, and the changes that are happening in one of them affect changes in all the others.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor Borrelli, tracing those interactions through time is ultimately a way to make sense of the planet we inhabit\u2014and the changes reshaping it.\r\n\r\n\u201cBy studying geological records, we learn that Earth\u2019s climate has been changing over thousands, hundreds of thousands, and millions of years,\u201d Borrelli says. \u201cWe\u2019re also learning that the speed at which things are changing right now is almost without precedent in the entire geological record. We are at a very fundamental juncture to adopt and mitigate the consequences of climate change so we can leave a stable and livable planet for generations to come.\u201d\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_722912\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"2000\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-722912\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/fea-what-is-paleoclimatology-foraminifera-fossils-paleoceanographer-2026-09-25_Chiara_Borrelli_0984crop.jpg\" alt=\"Close up of pale cream-colored foraminifera microfossils on a dark slate background.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1200\" \/> <strong>CLEAN SLATE:<\/strong> Borrelli and her team use the isotopic and chemical composition of microfossils and marine sediments to investigate changes in ocean circulation, ocean chemistry, and climate during the last 66 million years of Earth\u2019s history. (URochester photo \/ J. Adam Fenster)[\/caption]","background_color":"#ffffff","width":"width-medium"}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What tiny fossils tell us about Earth\u2019s changing oceans<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"For paleoceanographer Chiara Borrelli, microscopic fossils beneath the seafloor are a window into the oceans of the past\u2014and a changing planet.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/what-is-paleoclimatology-foraminifera-fossils-paleoceanographer-722752\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What tiny fossils tell us about Earth\u2019s changing oceans\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" 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