{"id":91212,"date":"2015-02-27T11:47:48","date_gmt":"2015-02-27T16:47:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=91212"},"modified":"2020-03-02T15:48:38","modified_gmt":"2020-03-02T20:48:38","slug":"journeys-into-the-unknown-91212","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/journeys-into-the-unknown-91212\/","title":{"rendered":"What drives human exploration of the unknown?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Stewart Weaver Surveys Exploration of the Unknown Through the Ages<\/em><\/h2>\n

What is exploration? What distinguishes exploration from travel, discovery, or adventure?<\/h3>\n

Exploration is often fundamentally about: mediation, intercession, cultural negotiation and sometimes, even, symbiosis according to Stewart Weaver.<\/p>\n

Weaver\u2019s survey of the history of exploration, published by Oxford University Press, offers a compelling set of answers.<\/p>\n

In 140 succinct pages, Exploration: A Very Short Introduction<\/a><\/em> chronicles journeys of discovery from the pre-historic trek of humans across the land bridge over the Bering Strait some 12,000 years ago to the mid-20th century deep sea voyages of Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Along the way, Weaver identifies what defines exploration during each era and places these historic achievements in the largest possible global context: that of the natural history of the earth itself.<\/p>\n

An avid hiker and coauthor with Maurice Isserman of Fallen Giants<\/a><\/em>, an award-winning history of Himalayan mountaineering, Weaver gives as much credit to those who climb mountains and don scuba gear as to the first people to set out across the open ocean. \u201cA true explorer,\u201d writes the professor of history<\/a> at the University of Rochester, \u201cis a traveler who seeks a discovery.\u201d Through brief accounts and assessments of their missions, Weaver captures the adventure, the wonder, and the legacy of these feats.<\/p>\n

Exploration typically grows out of the cultural exchange of goods and ideas when two populations meet, explains Weaver. Native peoples, who often served as unsung guides, are essential to success. According to Weaver, these individuals embody \u201cwhat exploration is often fundamentally about: mediation, intercession, cultural negotiation and sometimes, even, symbiosis.\u201d<\/p>\n

Weaver includes famous explorations, from the Lewis and Clark expedition to the first moon landing. But the slim volume\u2014part of Oxford University Press\u2019s well-known \u201cvery short introductions<\/a>\u201d series\u2014also makes room for lesser-known undertakings, like the numerous attempts to reach the South Pole and the rivalry and glory seeking that ensued among countries and individuals during those early 20th century efforts to set a new \u201cfarthest south.\u201d<\/p>\n

Throughout, Weaver reviews the scholarly and popular debates that have turned men like Christopher Columbus from among the most celebrated to the \u201cnow much-denigrated.\u201d Columbus, writes Weaver, \u201cmay have been more persistent than most explorer-adventurers of his age; he may have been unusually adroit when it came to the all-important art of securing royal patronage. But he was far from being either the lone visionary or the arch villain of competing classroom mythologies.\u201d<\/p>\n

Taken together, this millennia-long record of travel provides a reminder of the extreme hardships involved in venturing into the unknown. For example, during the numerous 19th century attempts to find the fabled Northwest Passage through the Canadian Artic, John Franklin\u2019s ship became stuck in the ice, condemning the expedition\u2019s 24 officers and 105 men to a slow death from scurvy, starvation, and exposure. The conditions the crew and others like them endured as they \u201cover-wintered, sick and starving, in these dark and frozen wastes defy description,\u201d writes Weaver.<\/p>\n

So what drives humans to such lengths? For Weaver, the answer lies in human nature. \u201cFor all the different forms it takes in different historical periods, for all the worthy and unworthy motives that lie behind it, exploration\u2014travel for the sake of discovery and adventure\u2014is it seems a human compulsion, a human obsession even (as the paleontologist Maeve Leakey says); it is a defining element of a distinctly human identity, and it will never rest at any frontier, whether terrestrial or extra-terrestrial.\u201d<\/p>\n

Explore some explorers:<\/h2>\n

Pytheas of Massalia, 325 B.C.E.
\n<\/strong>First known reporter of the arctic and the midnight sun<\/em><\/p>\n

\"animation<\/p>\n

The Greek geographer sailed out of the Bay of Biscay and did not stop until he had rounded the coast of Brittany, crossed the English Channel, and fully circumnavigated the British Isles. Pytheas was an independent adventurer and scientific traveler\u2014the first, for instance, to associate ocean tides with the moon. Whether he made it as far north as Iceland is doubtful, but he somehow knew of the midnight sun and he evidently encountered arctic ice. Even conservative estimates give him credit for some 7,500 miles of ocean travel\u2014an astounding feat for the time and one that justifies Pytheas\u2019s vague reputation as the archetypal maritime explorer.<\/p>\n


\nZheng He, 1405-1433
\n<\/strong>China\u2019s imperial expeditions<\/em><\/p>\n

\"animation<\/p>\n

The \u201cGrand Eunuch\u201d and court favorite of the Yongle Emperor of China, Zheng He led seven formidable expeditions through the Indian Ocean. The first voyage alone featured 62 oceangoing junks\u2014each one perhaps ten times the size of anything afloat in Europe at the time\u2014along with a fleet of 225 smaller support vessels, and 27,780 men. With the admiral\u2019s death at sea in 1433, the great fleet was broken up, foreign travel forbidden, and the very name of Zheng He expunged from the records in an effort to erase his example. In 1420 Chinese ships and sailors had no equal in the world. Eighty years later, scarcely a deep-seaworthy ship survived in China.<\/p>\n

Christopher Columbus, 1492
\n<\/strong>God, gold, and glory in the discovery of the Americas<\/em><\/p>\n

\"animation<\/p>\n

Lured by flawed cartography, Marco Polo\u2019s Travels<\/em>, the legends of antiquity, and the desire for title and dignity, Columbus weighed anchor on August 3, 1492, in search of a westward route to China and resolved, as he said in his journal, \u201cto write down the whole of this voyage in detail.\u201d From the Canaries, the seasoned navigator picked up the northeast trades that swept his little flotilla directly across the Atlantic in a matter of 33 days. The trans-Atlantic routes he pioneered and the voyages he publicized not only decisively altered European conceptions of global geography; they led almost immediately to the European colonial occupation of the Americas and thus permanently joined together formerly distinct peoples, cultures, and biological ecosystems. His explorations of the unknown opened up global passages.<\/p>\n

Bartolomeu Dias, 1488
\n<\/strong>First European to round the Cape of Good Hope<\/em><\/p>\n

\"dias\"<\/p>\n

For six months, Portuguese commander Bartolomeu Dias battled his way south along the coast of Africa against continual storm and adverse currents in search of an ocean passage to India. Finally, unable to do much else, Dias stood out to sea and sailed south-south-west for many days until providentially around 40\u00b0 south he picked up the prevailing South Atlantic westerlies that carried him eastwards round the southern tip of Africa without his even noticing it. The Indian Ocean was not an enclosed sea; it was accessible from the Atlantic by way of what Dias fittingly called the Cape of Storms and his sponsor, King Jo\u00e3o of Portugal, named the Cape of Good Hope.<\/p>\n

David Livingstone, 1856
\n<\/strong>First European to traverse sub-Saharan Africa from coast to coast<\/em><\/p>\n

\"livingstone\"<\/p>\n

Born in a one-room tenement in Scotland, this most famous of 19th century explorers had gone to Africa as a medical missionary in 1841, but Livingstone\u2019s wanderlust ran ahead of his proselytizing purpose. His sighting of the Zambezi river in June 1851 encouraged a vision of a broad highway of \u201clegitimate commerce\u201d into regions still blighted by the slave trade, and one year later he returned to explore its upper reaches, with the indispensable guidance and cooperation of the indigenous Makololo and other tribes. In May 1856, after years of harrowing travel, he became the first European to traverse sub-Saharan Africa from coast to coast.<\/p>\n

Roald Amundsen, 1910-1912
\n<\/strong>Winner of the ‘race to the South Pole’<\/em><\/p>\n

\"animation<\/p>\n

During his three-year journey through the Northwest Passage beginning in 1903, Roald Amundsen learned to adapt to harsh polar conditions in his exploration of the unknown. The Norwegian learned to ski, appreciated the essential role of dogs in polar travel, and adapted to some native Inuit practices. Above all, it was learning to think small\u2014in terms of ship size and crew\u2014and to travel light , that helped him to beat his rival explorer, Englishman, Robert F. Scott to the South Pole by over a month. Scott, who considered Amundsen an interloper with a passion for chasing records, died with his four-person crew eleven miles short of their food depot.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In his new book, professor of history Stewart Weaver chronicles journeys of discovery from the pre-historic trek of humans across the land bridge over the Bering Strait some 12,000 years ago to the mid-20th century deep sea voyages of Jacques-Yves Cousteau. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":562,"featured_media":91412,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[456],"tags":[21422,34582,18572,16072,24462],"class_list":["post-91212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-society-culture","tag-department-of-history","tag-environmental-humanities-program","tag-research-finding","tag-school-of-arts-and-sciences","tag-stewart-weaver"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat drives human exploration of the unknown?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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